Paleocortex is specified in mice in which dorsal telencephalic patterning is severely disrupted.

The patterning of the telencephalon is regulated by the concerted action of distinct mechanisms operating in different portions of this structure. Although much progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms underlying the specification of dorsal and ventral structures, little is known about the specification of the paleocortex, the olfactory cortex located at the interface of the dorsal and ventral telencephalon. The paleocortex is thought to be a dorsal, cortical structure, derived from the lateral extreme of the dorsal telencephalon. We examined mutant mice in which dorsal telencephalic patterning is severely disrupted, to ask how these perturbations affect the paleocortex. In the Lhx2-/- telencephalon, where the cortex is greatly shrunken such that medial and dorsal cortical tissue is undetectable, normal expression of several paleocortical markers is observed. The Gli3-/- telencephalon, where the dorsal telencephalon is ventralized, also displays paleocortical markers. In contrast, when the ventral telencephalon is almost completely deleted, such as in the BF1-/- brain, paleocortical markers are undetectable. These results indicate that the specification of the paleocortex can occur in spite of drastic perturbations of dorsal patterning. Furthermore, in the Lhx2 mutant, the paleocortex is juxtaposed to an expanded and mislocated source of Wnt and Bmp signaling, the cortical hem, whereas, in the Gli3 mutant, paleocortical markers arise even though the cortical hem is missing. This indicates that an increase or decrease in cues from this dorsal signaling center does not disrupt the specification of the paleocortex. Finally, by using an in vitro assay, we found that isolated explants of lateral telencephalon up-regulate normal expression of paleocortical markers when maintained in vitro, from as early as embryonic day (E) 10.5. Together, the results reveal that, although the paleocortex is considered to be a cortical structure, it is specified even when dorsal telencephalic patterning is grossly perturbed. Furthermore, our in vitro data reveal that, if mechanisms outside the lateral telencephalon are involved in the specification of the paleocortex, they must act extremely early, prior to E10.5.