Reynolds Brady, Karraker Katherine, Horn Kimberly, Richards Jerry B.
West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
Behav Processes. 2003 Oct 31;64(3):333-344. doi: 10.1016/s0376-6357(03)00168-2.
This study examined relations between different patterns of adolescent cigarette smoking and discounting of monetary rewards due to delay (delay discounting) and probabilistic uncertainty (probability discounting). The study also examined the relation between smoking and the number of peer friends who smoke and level of parent education. Participants were 55 adolescents (28 females) between 14 and 16 years of age who were categorized according to the following patterns of smoking behavior: "never smokers" (n=19; 10 females) who had not tried even one cigarette; "triers" (n=17; 9 females) who had recently tried cigarettes for the first time; and "current smokers" (n=19; 9 females) who smoked a minimum of one cigarette every week for at least 6 months prior to data collection. It was hypothesized that current smokers would discount more than those who had never smoked. No specific hypotheses were made for participants only trying cigarettes. Unexpectedly, results indicated no differences in discounting between the current smokers and never smokers. However, the trier group discounted probabilistic rewards significantly more than the never- and current-smoker groups. Also, triers and current smokers both reported having more friends who smoked than never smokers, and fathers of never smokers had significantly more education than fathers of either triers or current smokers. These results suggest that impulsive discounting may be more related to adolescents trying cigarettes than to their becoming regular smokers, whereas number of peer friends who smoke and parent level of education seem to differentiate between those who have smoked to some extent (triers and current smokers) and those who have not even tried cigarettes (never smokers).
本研究考察了青少年不同吸烟模式与因延迟（延迟折扣）和概率不确定性（概率折扣）导致的货币奖励折扣之间的关系。该研究还考察了吸烟与吸烟的同龄朋友数量以及父母教育水平之间的关系。研究参与者为55名年龄在14至16岁之间的青少年（28名女性），他们根据以下吸烟行为模式进行分类：“从不吸烟者”（n = 19；10名女性），即甚至从未尝试过一支香烟的人；“尝试者”（n = 17；9名女性），即最近首次尝试吸烟的人；以及“当前吸烟者”（n = 19；9名女性），即在数据收集前至少6个月每周至少吸一支烟的人。研究假设当前吸烟者的折扣率会高于从未吸烟者。对于仅尝试吸烟的参与者未提出具体假设。出乎意料的是，结果表明当前吸烟者和从未吸烟者在折扣方面没有差异。然而，尝试者组对概率奖励的折扣明显高于从未吸烟者组和当前吸烟者组。此外，尝试者和当前吸烟者都报告称，他们吸烟的朋友比从不吸烟者更多，并且从不吸烟者的父亲受教育程度明显高于尝试者或当前吸烟者的父亲。这些结果表明，冲动折扣可能与青少年尝试吸烟的关系更大，而非与他们成为经常吸烟者的关系更大，而吸烟的同龄朋友数量和父母教育水平似乎在一定程度上吸烟的人（尝试者和当前吸烟者）和甚至从未尝试过吸烟的人（从不吸烟者）之间起到了区分作用。
