Zinc-specific activation of a HeLa cell nuclear protein which interacts with a metal responsive element of the human metallothionein-IIA gene.

Transcription of metallothionein genes is activated by heavy metals such as zinc and cadmium, and a DNA element called metal responsive element (MRE) is essential for this process. By mobility-shift assay, we identified a HeLa-cell nuclear protein which specifically binds to MREa of human metallothionein-IIA gene. This protein, named ZRF (zinc-regulatory factor), is present in the cells untreated with heavy metals. Zinc is essential for, and increases in a dose-dependent manner, the binding of ZRF to MREa. Other heavy metals which can also induce metallothioneins, including cadmium, copper and mercury, do not activate ZRF. A MREa-containing oligonucleotide that can bind ZRF confers heavy metal-inducibility to a heterologous promoter, suggesting that ZRF is a zinc-dependent transcriptional activator. In addition to the MRE core sequence, the surrounding sequences are also important for both ZRF binding in vitro, and zinc-dependent transcriptional activation in vivo. MREa by itself responds not only to zinc but also to other metallothionein-inducing heavy metals, indicating that the ZRF protein, not the MREa sequence, is responsible for the zinc specificity.