Palkovits Miklós
Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Laboratory of Neuromorphology, Budapest.
Ideggyogy Sz. 2003 Sep 20;56(9-10):288-302.
The central regulation of the food intake is organized by a long-loop mechanism involving humoral signals and afferent neuronal pathways to the hypothalamus, obligatory processing in hypothalamic neuronal circuits, and descending commands through vagal and spinal neurons to the body. Receptors sensitive to glucose metabolism, body fat reserves, distension of the stomach, as well as neuropeptide and cannabinoid receptors have been identified and localized in the hypothalamus. Five groups of cells in the hypothalamus--arcuate, paraventricular, ventromedial and dorsomedial nuclei, and the dorsolateral hypothalamic area--contain neurons with either anorexic actions (alpha-MSH, CART peptide, corticotropin-releasing hormone, urocortin III, cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptides) or that stimulate food intake (neuropeptide Y, agouti-related peptide, orexins, melanin concentrating hormone, galanin). Intrahypothalamic neuronal circuits exist between these peptidergic neurons including the arcuate-paraventricular and arcuate-dorsolateral hypothalamic projections. Circulating substances carrying signals connected to changes in body food homeostasis and energy balance (leptin, ghrelin, insulin, glucose) enter the hypothalamus mainly through the arcuate nucleus. Neurons in the medulla oblongata that express leptin and insulin receptors, as well as neuropeptide mediators project to the hypothalamus. Vica versa, hypothalamic neurons give rise to projections to autonomic centers in the brainstem and the spinal cord with potential for stimulation or inhibition of food intake, energy balance and ingestion behavior.
食物摄入的中枢调节是由一种长环机制组织的，该机制涉及体液信号和传入下丘脑的神经通路、下丘脑神经回路中的必要处理，以及通过迷走神经和脊髓神经元向身体发出的下行指令。已在丘脑中鉴定并定位了对葡萄糖代谢、身体脂肪储备、胃扩张敏感的受体，以及神经肽和大麻素受体。下丘脑的五组细胞——弓状核、室旁核、腹内侧核和背内侧核，以及下丘脑外侧区——含有具有厌食作用的神经元（α-促黑素、可卡因-安非他明调节转录肽、促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素、尿皮质素III、胆囊收缩素、胰高血糖素样肽）或刺激食物摄入的神经元（神经肽Y、刺鼠相关肽、食欲素、黑色素浓缩激素、甘丙肽）。这些肽能神经元之间存在下丘脑内神经回路，包括弓状核-室旁核和弓状核-下丘脑外侧区投射。携带与身体食物稳态和能量平衡变化相关信号的循环物质（瘦素、胃饥饿素、胰岛素、葡萄糖）主要通过弓状核进入下丘脑。延髓中表达瘦素和胰岛素受体的神经元以及神经肽介质投射到下丘脑。反之，下丘脑神经元向脑干和脊髓中的自主神经中枢发出投射，有可能刺激或抑制食物摄入、能量平衡和摄食行为。
