Laser impact on marine planktonic diatoms: an experimental study using a flow cytometry system.

A flow cytometry system was used to evaluate the impact of pulsed laser irradiations from an Nd:YAG laser on two marine coastal water diatoms, Chaetoceros gracilis and Skeletonema costatum. Three flow speeds, i.e. 9, 18 and 27 ml min-1 and three laser fluences, i.e. 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 J cm-2 pulse-1 were tested during this study. The reduction in cell density and chlorophyll a (chl a) concentrations were monitored by reference to non-irradiated samples as controls. Upon irradiation, the cell density and the chl a concentrations became reduced significantly compared to the control (one way ANOVA p < 0.001 for the cell density in both the species and p < 0.05 for chl a concentrations in both species). A maximum mortality of 0.77 log10 (about 83%) for C. gracilis and 0.68 log10 (about 78%) for S. costatum was observed at 9 ml min-1 flow speed and 0.1 J cm-2 laser fluence. The maximum reduction observed in the chl a concentration was about 26% (control 0.413 and sample 0.306 mg ml-1) for C. gracilis and 27% (control 0.222 and sample 0.16 mg ml-1) for S. costatum, when the flow rate was 9 ml min-1 and the fluence 0.1 J cm-2. In general, mortality increased with an increase in the laser fluence. The results thus show if the cooling water is laser-irradiated to mitigate biofouling, this could result in significant damage to the planktonic flora of the flowing seawater system, which in turn might reduce algal biofilm formation on industrially important structures. The reduction in the chl a concentration showed that the laser irradiations also could result in a significant reduction in the primary productivity of the cooling water.