Anthony R V, Scheaffer A N, Wright C D, Regnault T R H
Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1683, USA.
Reprod Suppl. 2003;61:183-94.
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a significant health issue that not only affects infant mortality and morbidity, but may also predispose individuals to coronary heart disease, diabetes, hypertension and stroke as adults. The majority of IUGR pregnancies in humans are characterized by asymmetric fetal growth, resulting from inadequate nutrient transfer to the fetus. Furthermore, most of these pregnancies involve functional placental insufficiency, and may also show altered umbilical velocimetry. As the severity of IUGR increases, the fetus becomes increasingly hypoxic, hypoglycaemic and acidotic. In addition, placental transfer or utilization of some amino acids is known to be altered in IUGR pregnancies. Although a great deal has been learned from clinical studies of human IUGR, appropriate animal models are required to define completely the mechanisms involved in the development of IUGR. The pregnant sheep is a long-standing model for placental-fetal interactions, and fetal growth restriction can be induced in pregnant sheep by maternal nutrient restriction, maternal nutrient excess, administration of glucocorticoid, utero-placental embolization, carunclectomy and maternal hyperthermia. Although all of these sheep models are capable of inducing fetal growth restriction, the degree of restriction is variable. This review compares these sheep models of IUGR with the characteristics of human IUGR.
宫内生长受限（IUGR）是一个重大的健康问题，不仅影响婴儿的死亡率和发病率，还可能使个体成年后易患冠心病、糖尿病、高血压和中风。人类大多数IUGR妊娠的特征是胎儿生长不对称，这是由于营养物质向胎儿的转运不足所致。此外，这些妊娠大多数都存在功能性胎盘功能不全，并且脐血流速度测定也可能出现改变。随着IUGR严重程度的增加，胎儿会出现越来越严重的缺氧、低血糖和酸中毒。此外，已知在IUGR妊娠中，某些氨基酸的胎盘转运或利用会发生改变。尽管从人类IUGR的临床研究中已经了解到很多情况，但仍需要合适的动物模型来全面确定IUGR发生发展所涉及的机制。怀孕绵羊是研究胎盘-胎儿相互作用的长期模型，通过母体营养限制、母体营养过剩、给予糖皮质激素、子宫-胎盘栓塞、子宫肉阜切除术和母体体温过高，可在怀孕绵羊中诱导胎儿生长受限。尽管所有这些绵羊模型都能够诱导胎儿生长受限，但受限程度各不相同。本综述将这些IUGR绵羊模型与人类IUGR的特征进行了比较。
