Colazza Stefano, Fucarino Alessandro, Peri Ezio, Salerno Gianandrea, Conti Eric, Bin Ferdinando
Department of S.En.Fi.Mi.Zo. - Entomology Acarology and Zoology, University of Palermo, Italy.
J Exp Biol. 2004 Jan;207(Pt 1):47-53. doi: 10.1242/jeb.00732.
The egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) responded to synomones emitted by leguminous plants induced by feeding and oviposition activity of the bug Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). This was shown by laboratory bioassays using a Y-tube olfactometer. Broad bean leaves (Vicia faba L.) damaged by feeding activity of N. viridula and on which host egg mass had been laid produced synomones that attracted T. basalis. By contrast, undamaged leaves or feeding-damaged leaves without eggs did not attract wasp females. French bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) also emitted attractive synomones when they were damaged by host feeding and carrying egg masses. Thus, release of feeding- and oviposition-induced synomones does not seem to be plant-specific. Synomone production was shown to be a systemically induced plant physiological response to feeding damage and oviposition. Also, parts of the plant that were left undamaged and did not carry host eggs emitted attractive synomones when other parts of the plant were damaged by feeding and carrying eggs. Furthermore, wasps were not attracted by N. viridula egg masses offered alone or combined with damaged broad bean leaves. Thus, the attractiveness of feeding-damaged leaves carrying eggs is due to induction by feeding and oviposition rather than due to a combined effect of attractive volatiles released from eggs and damaged leaves. The production of synomones was influenced by the age of the host egg mass, because feeding-damaged leaves bearing egg masses attracted the parasitoid until the eggs were approximately 72-96 h old but not once the larvae had hatched from the eggs (approximately 120 h old). These results show that annual plants are able to produce synomones as a consequence of feeding and egg mass oviposition by a sucking insect.
卵寄生蜂基底三叉蚜小蜂（Trissolcus basalis）（沃拉斯顿）（膜翅目：缘腹细蜂科）对豆科植物释放的协同素产生反应，这些协同素由绿蝽（Nezara viridula）（L.）（半翅目：蝽科）的取食和产卵活动诱导产生。这是通过使用Y型管嗅觉仪进行的实验室生物测定所表明的。被绿蝽取食活动损害且已产下寄主卵块的蚕豆叶（Vicia faba L.）产生了吸引基底三叉蚜小蜂的协同素。相比之下，未受损的叶子或没有卵的取食受损叶子不会吸引雌蜂。当菜豆植株（Phaseolus vulgaris L.）受到寄主取食和携带卵块的损害时，也会释放有吸引力的协同素。因此，取食和产卵诱导的协同素释放似乎并非植物特异性的。协同素的产生被证明是植物对取食损害和产卵的一种系统性诱导生理反应。此外，当植物的其他部分受到取食和携带卵的损害时，未受损且未携带寄主卵的植物部分也会释放有吸引力的协同素。此外，单独提供的绿蝽卵块或与受损蚕豆叶组合的卵块都不会吸引黄蜂。因此，携带卵的取食受损叶子的吸引力是由于取食和产卵的诱导，而不是由于卵和受损叶子释放的有吸引力挥发物的综合作用。协同素的产生受寄主卵块年龄的影响，因为带有卵块的取食受损叶子会吸引寄生蜂，直到卵大约72 - 96小时龄，但一旦幼虫从卵中孵化出来（大约120小时龄）就不会吸引了。这些结果表明，一年生植物能够因吸食昆虫的取食和卵块产卵而产生协同素。
