Liebal Katja, Pika Simone, Tomasello Michael
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Primates. 2004 Jan;45(1):41-57. doi: 10.1007/s10329-003-0063-7. Epub 2003 Dec 4.
The current study represents the first systematic investigation of the social communication of captive siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus). The focus was on intentional signals, including tactile and visual gestures, as well as facial expressions and actions. Fourteen individuals from different groups were observed and the signals used by individuals were recorded. Thirty-one different signals, consisting of 12 tactile gestures, 8 visual gestures, 7 actions, and 4 facial expressions, were observed, with tactile gestures and facial expressions appearing most frequently. The range of the signal repertoire increased steadily until the age of six, but declined afterwards in adults. The proportions of the different signal categories used within communicative interactions, in particular actions and facial expressions, also varied depending on age. Group differences could be traced back mainly to social factors or housing conditions. Differences in the repertoire of males and females were most obvious in the sexual context. Overall, most signals were used flexibly, with the majority performed in three or more social contexts and almost one-third of signals used in combination with other signals. Siamangs also adjusted their signals appropriately for the recipient, for example, using visual signals most often when the recipient was already attending (audience effects). These observations are discussed in the context of siamang ecology, social structure, and cognition.
当前的研究首次对圈养合趾猿（Symphalangus syndactylus）的社会交流进行了系统调查。重点是有意发出的信号，包括触觉和视觉手势，以及面部表情和动作。观察了来自不同群体的14只合趾猿，并记录了它们使用的信号。共观察到31种不同的信号，包括12种触觉手势、8种视觉手势、7种动作和4种面部表情，其中触觉手势和面部表情出现得最为频繁。信号库的范围在6岁之前稳步增加，但在成年后有所下降。在交流互动中使用的不同信号类别所占比例，尤其是动作和面部表情，也因年龄而异。群体差异主要可追溯到社会因素或饲养条件。雄性和雌性在信号库方面的差异在性情境中最为明显。总体而言，大多数信号的使用都很灵活，大多数信号在三种或更多社会情境中出现，近三分之一的信号与其他信号结合使用。合趾猿还会根据接收者的情况适当地调整信号，例如，当接收者已经在关注时，最常使用视觉信号（观众效应）。我们将结合合趾猿的生态学、社会结构和认知来讨论这些观察结果。
