Hoaken Peter N S, Stewart Sherry H
Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London ON, Canada N6A 5C2.
Addict Behav. 2003 Dec;28(9):1533-54. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2003.08.033.
The drug-violence relationship exists for several reasons, some direct (drugs pharmacologically inducing violence) and some indirect (violence occurring in order to attain drugs). Moreover, the nature of that relationship is often complex, with intoxication, neurotoxic, and withdrawal effects often being confused and/or confounded. This paper reviews the existing literature regarding the extent to which various drugs of abuse may be directly associated with heightened interpersonal violence. Alcohol is clearly the drug with the most evidence to support a direct intoxication-violence relationship. The literatures concerning benzodiazepines, opiates, psychostimulants, and phencyclidine (PCP) are idiosyncratic but suggest that personality factors may be as (or more) important than pharmacological ones. Cannabis reduces likelihood of violence during intoxication, but mounting evidence associates withdrawal with aggressivity. The literature on the relationship between steroids and aggression is largely confounded, and between 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and aggression insufficient to draw any reasonable conclusions. Conclusions and policy implications are briefly discussed.
毒品与暴力之间的关系存在有多种原因，一些是直接原因（毒品通过药理作用诱发暴力），一些是间接原因（为获取毒品而发生暴力）。此外，这种关系的性质往往很复杂，中毒、神经毒性和戒断效应常常相互混淆和/或相互干扰。本文回顾了现有文献，探讨了各种滥用药物在多大程度上可能与人际暴力加剧直接相关。酒精显然是最有证据支持直接中毒与暴力关系的药物。关于苯二氮䓬类药物、阿片类药物、精神兴奋剂和苯环己哌啶（PCP）的文献各有特点，但表明人格因素可能与药理因素同样（或更）重要。大麻在中毒期间会降低暴力发生的可能性，但越来越多的证据表明戒断与攻击性有关。关于类固醇与攻击性之间关系的文献大多相互混淆，而关于3,4-亚甲基二氧甲基苯丙胺（摇头丸）与攻击性之间的文献不足以得出任何合理结论。本文简要讨论了结论和政策含义。
