Campbell Sonia, David Michael D, Woodward Lee Ann, Li Qing X
Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
Chemosphere. 2004 Feb;54(8):1155-61. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.09.018.
Marine sand and seawater samples were collected in March 2002 from Laysan Island in the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge, where a small area was contaminated by the carbamate insecticide carbofuran. Carbofuran was still detected at microg g(-1) levels in the Laysan sand after its identification in 1998 and initial observation of the toxicity in 1988. The persistence of carbofuran in the marine sand was investigated in the dark in a 30 degrees C oven, and in distilled deionized water and seawater samples exposed to artificial 300 nm light and to direct sunlight. The laboratory study showed a half-life (t1/2) of approximately 40 days for carbofuran in the native sand and in Ottawa sand. The photolysis of carbofuran was faster in seawater than in distilled deionized water when it was exposed to 300 nm light (t1/2, 0.1 vs. 3.1 h) and to direct sunlight (t1/2, 7.5 vs. 41.6 h). The large difference between the laboratory results and the field observation of carbofuran dissipation suggests that carbofuran degradation at the remote, undisturbed marine site may be governed by its unique environmental factors.
2002年3月，从夏威夷群岛国家野生动物保护区的莱桑岛采集了海沙和海水样本，该岛有一小片区域受到氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂克百威的污染。1998年确认克百威存在，1988年首次观察到其毒性后，莱桑岛的沙子中仍能检测到微克/克水平的克百威。在30摄氏度的烤箱中黑暗条件下，以及在暴露于300纳米人工光和直射阳光下的蒸馏水和海水样本中，研究了克百威在海沙中的持久性。实验室研究表明，克百威在天然沙子和渥太华沙子中的半衰期（t1/2）约为40天。当暴露于300纳米光（t1/2，0.1对3.1小时）和直射阳光（t1/2，7.5对41.6小时）时，克百威在海水中的光解速度比在蒸馏去离子水中更快。实验室结果与克百威消散的现场观察之间的巨大差异表明，在偏远、未受干扰的海洋地点，克百威的降解可能受其独特环境因素的控制。
