The management of denial in cancer patients.

Faced with a diagnosis of cancer, many patients react initially with a kind of numbed disbelief that is a form of denial. In the majority of cases, this reaction is subsequently replaced by other coping responses. Some patients, however, continue to use denial. Clinically, it is useful to categorize denial as follows: (1) complete denial, (2) denial of implications of a diagnosis of cancer, (3) denial of affect. Denial, particularly if complete, can have adverse effects in terms of delay in seeking treatment and noncompliance with treatment. But there are also certain advantages. Denial is associated with reduction in psychological distress, and there is preliminary evidence suggesting that it may be associated with prolonged duration of survival in women with nonmetastatic breast cancer. Although there are no hard and fast guidelines for the psychological management of patients who use denial, four possible management scenarios are provided.