Bergmann T F
J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992 Nov-Dec;15(9):591-5.
To identify what has been theorized and/or written about the manual techniques generically classified as direct, but using specific contacts on short levers while using forces that may vary in speed and amplitude.
A search of the MEDLINE bibliographic database using MeSH key words (chiropractic/methods; osteopathic manipulation) was conducted. The Index to Chiropractic Literature and Chiropractic Research Abstracts Collection were searched through the past 10 yr using the key terms of chiropractic-methods; chiropractic techniques; manipulation, chiropractic; manipulation, osteopathic, manipulation, spinal; and manipulation, joint. A hand search of text-books was undertaken as well as review of the references included in books, monographs and collected papers.
Studies in English were included, but it must be noted that these include publications that are not peer reviewed or refereed in any way.
Descriptions that discussed aspects of manipulative procedures with the appropriate characteristics were extracted by a single author.
Very little was found or accessible using traditional methods of literature retrieval. Lack of common terminology as well as multiple technique systems developed in isolation contributed to the problem. Descriptions of characteristics for the attributes of techniques which use specific contacts on short levers are provided. The high-velocity, low-amplitude thrust technique is presented as one of the oldest and most widely used forms of manual medicine and remains one of the most frequently used forms of manual medicine. Derivation of applied forces as well as speculation as to the roll of specificity are discussed.
This type of review is considered the first step in the evaluative process for a chiropractic technique procedure. It demonstrates that very little has been written in an accessible fashion relative to techniques which use specific contacts on short levers while applying forces that may vary in speed and amplitude. Statements made concerning the appropriateness or effectiveness consist of opinions only, with no reference to any form of injury or testing. The need for clinical trials and studies comparing different techniques is great.
确定关于一般归类为直接手法的相关理论和/或文献，这些手法在短杠杆上使用特定接触方式，同时所施加的力在速度和幅度上可能有所不同。
使用医学主题词（整脊疗法/方法；骨病手法治疗）检索MEDLINE书目数据库。通过过去10年，使用整脊疗法方法、整脊疗法技术、整脊手法治疗、骨病手法治疗、脊柱手法治疗、关节手法治疗等关键词，检索《整脊文献索引》和《整脊研究摘要汇编》。对手册进行了手工检索，并查阅了书籍、专著和收集论文中包含的参考文献。
纳入英文研究，但必须注意的是，这些研究包括未经任何同行评审或审阅的出版物。
由一位作者提取讨论具有适当特征的手法操作方面的描述。
使用传统文献检索方法发现或获取的内容非常少。缺乏通用术语以及孤立开发的多种技术系统导致了这一问题。提供了使用短杠杆上特定接触的技术属性特征描述。高速低幅推力技术是最古老且应用最广泛的手法医学形式之一，至今仍是最常用的手法医学形式之一。讨论了作用力的推导以及关于特异性作用的推测。
此类综述被认为是整脊技术程序评估过程的第一步。它表明，相对于在短杠杆上使用特定接触且施加的力在速度和幅度上可能不同的技术，以易于获取的方式撰写的相关内容非常少。关于适用性或有效性的陈述仅为观点，未提及任何形式的损伤或测试。非常需要进行临床试验和比较不同技术的研究。
