MacLean Heather L, Lave Lester B
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A4.
Environ Sci Technol. 2003 Dec 1;37(23):5445-52. doi: 10.1021/es034574q.
We examine the possibilities for a "greener" car that would use less material and fuel, be less polluting, and would have a well-managed end-of-life. Light-duty vehicles are fundamental to our economy and will continue to be for the indefinite future. Any redesign to make these vehicles greener requires consumer acceptance. Consumer desires for large, powerful vehicles have been the major stumbling block in achieving a "green car". The other major barrier is inherent contradictions among social goals such as fuel economy, safety, low emissions of pollutants, and low emissions of greenhouse gases, which has led to conflicting regulations such as emissions regulations blocking sales of direct injection diesels in California, which would save fuel. In evaluating fuel/vehicle options with the potential to improve the greenness of cars [diesel (direct injection) and ethanol in internal combustion engines, battery-powered, gasoline hybrid electric, and hydrogen fuel cells], we find no option dominates the others on all dimensions. The principles of green design developed by Anastas and Zimmerman (Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 94A-101A) and the use of a life cycle approach provide insights on the key sustainability issues associated with the various options.
我们研究了制造一辆“更环保”汽车的可能性，这种汽车将使用更少的材料和燃料，污染更小，并且在使用寿命结束时能得到妥善管理。轻型车辆对我们的经济至关重要，而且在可预见的未来仍将如此。对这些车辆进行任何重新设计以使其更环保都需要消费者接受。消费者对大型、高性能车辆的需求一直是实现“绿色汽车”的主要绊脚石。另一个主要障碍是社会目标之间的内在矛盾，如燃油经济性、安全性、低污染物排放和低温室气体排放，这导致了相互冲突的法规，例如排放法规阻碍了直接喷射柴油车在加利福尼亚州的销售，而这种车本可以节省燃料。在评估有可能提高汽车环保性的燃料/车辆选项时（内燃机中的柴油（直接喷射）和乙醇、电池驱动、汽油混合动力电动以及氢燃料电池），我们发现没有一种选项在所有方面都优于其他选项。阿纳斯塔斯和齐默尔曼（《环境科学与技术》，2003年，37卷，94A - 101A页）提出的绿色设计原则以及生命周期方法的运用，为与各种选项相关的关键可持续性问题提供了见解。
