Chargé Sophie B P, Rudnicki Michael A
Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Physiol Rev. 2004 Jan;84(1):209-38. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00019.2003.
Under normal circumstances, mammalian adult skeletal muscle is a stable tissue with very little turnover of nuclei. However, upon injury, skeletal muscle has the remarkable ability to initiate a rapid and extensive repair process preventing the loss of muscle mass. Skeletal muscle repair is a highly synchronized process involving the activation of various cellular responses. The initial phase of muscle repair is characterized by necrosis of the damaged tissue and activation of an inflammatory response. This phase is rapidly followed by activation of myogenic cells to proliferate, differentiate, and fuse leading to new myofiber formation and reconstitution of a functional contractile apparatus. Activation of adult muscle satellite cells is a key element in this process. Muscle satellite cell activation resembles embryonic myogenesis in several ways including the de novo induction of the myogenic regulatory factors. Signaling factors released during the regenerating process have been identified, but their functions remain to be fully defined. In addition, recent evidence supports the possible contribution of adult stem cells in the muscle regeneration process. In particular, bone marrow-derived and muscle-derived stem cells contribute to new myofiber formation and to the satellite cell pool after injury.
在正常情况下，成年哺乳动物的骨骼肌是一种稳定的组织，细胞核的更新极少。然而，在受伤后，骨骼肌具有启动快速且广泛修复过程的显著能力，可防止肌肉质量的损失。骨骼肌修复是一个高度同步的过程，涉及多种细胞反应的激活。肌肉修复的初始阶段的特征是受损组织的坏死和炎症反应的激活。此阶段之后迅速是肌原性细胞的激活，使其增殖、分化并融合，从而导致新的肌纤维形成以及功能性收缩装置的重建。成年肌肉卫星细胞的激活是这一过程中的关键要素。肌肉卫星细胞的激活在几个方面类似于胚胎肌发生，包括肌源性调节因子的从头诱导。在再生过程中释放的信号因子已被确定，但其功能仍有待充分明确。此外，最近的证据支持成年干细胞在肌肉再生过程中可能发挥的作用。特别是，骨髓来源和肌肉来源的干细胞在损伤后有助于新的肌纤维形成和卫星细胞池的补充。
