Galifer R B, Kalfa N, Veyrac C, Lopez C
Service d'urologie II, groupe hospitalier Lapeyronie-Arnaud de Villeneuve, 371, avenue du Doyen-Gaston-Giraud, 34295 Montpellier, France.
Ann Urol (Paris). 2003 Dec;37(6):304-21.
Ultrasonography has radically changed the approach of these rare malformations, still diagnosed with difficulties in spite of modern iconography. Bladder anomalies may easily be discovered when associated with otherwise obvious malformations of genitalia. The rest must be suspected for non-specific signs as micturition troubles, multiple urinary tract infections, chronic renal failure. The abnormal bladder is the only common feature of a polymorphic spectrum of diseases including complete or partial duplication or septum, congenital diverticula, vesicovaginal fistula, agenesis and urachal anomalies. Treatment must be accorded to each case and it needs perfect knowledge of open and endoscopic bladder surgery.
超声检查已彻底改变了对这些罕见畸形的诊断方法，尽管有现代影像学技术，这些畸形的诊断仍然存在困难。当膀胱异常与其他明显的生殖器畸形相关联时，很容易被发现。其余情况则必须因排尿困难、多次尿路感染、慢性肾衰竭等非特异性症状而被怀疑。异常膀胱是多种疾病的唯一共同特征，这些疾病包括完全或部分重复或隔膜、先天性憩室、膀胱阴道瘘、发育不全和脐尿管异常。必须针对每个病例进行治疗，这需要对开放性和内镜下膀胱手术有完善的了解。
