Hogenson George B
J Anal Psychol. 2004 Feb;49(1):67-81. doi: 10.1111/j.0021-8774.2004.0441.x.
This paper addresses the question of how symbols should be understood in analytical psychology and psychoanalysis. The point of view examined focuses on the recent turn to more cognitive and developmental models in both disciplines and briefly reviews and critiques the evolutionary and cognitive arguments. The paper then presents an argument based on dynamic systems theory in which no pre-existing template or structure for either mind or behaviour is assumed. Within the dynamic systems model the Self is viewed as an emergent phenomenon deriving from the dynamic patterns existing in a complex system that includes the physiological characteristics of the infant, the intentional attributions of the caregiver and the cultural or symbolic resources that constitute the environment. The symbol can then be seen as a discrete, and in important ways an autonomous, element in the dynamic system. Conclusions are drawn for further research into the nature of the symbol with implications for both theory and practice in analytical psychology and psychoanalysis.
本文探讨了在分析心理学和精神分析中应如何理解符号这一问题。所考察的观点聚焦于这两个学科最近转向更多认知和发展模型的趋势，并简要回顾和批判了进化和认知方面的论点。然后本文提出了一个基于动态系统理论的论点，该理论不假定心智或行为存在预先存在的模板或结构。在动态系统模型中，自我被视为一种涌现现象，它源自复杂系统中存在的动态模式，该复杂系统包括婴儿的生理特征、照顾者的意向归因以及构成环境的文化或符号资源。然后，符号可被视为动态系统中一个离散的、在重要方面具有自主性的元素。得出了关于进一步研究符号本质的结论，这对分析心理学和精神分析的理论与实践都具有启示意义。
