Horner Jennifer
Medical University of South Carolina, College of Health Professions, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
Semin Speech Lang. 2003 Nov;24(4):263-74. doi: 10.1055/s-2004-815580.
The purpose of this article is to differentiate morality, ethics, and law. Morality refers to a set of deeply held, widely shared, and relatively stable values within a community. Ethics as a philosophical enterprise involves the study of values, and the justification for right and good actions, as represented by the classic works of Aristotle (virtue ethics), Kant (duty-based ethics), and Bentham and Mill (utilitarian and consequentialist ethics). Applied ethics, in contrast, is the use of ethics principles (e.g., respect for autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence, justice) in actual situations, such as in professional and clinical life. Finally, law is comprised of concrete duties established by governments that are necessary for maintaining social order and resolving disputes, as well as for distributing social resources according to what people need or deserve.
本文的目的是区分道德、伦理和法律。道德是指一个社区内一套根深蒂固、广泛共享且相对稳定的价值观。作为一门哲学事业的伦理涉及对价值观的研究，以及对正确和良好行为的正当理由，如亚里士多德的经典著作（美德伦理）、康德（基于义务的伦理）以及边沁和密尔（功利主义和后果主义伦理）所代表的那样。相比之下，应用伦理是在实际情况中运用伦理原则（例如，尊重自主性、行善、不伤害、公正），比如在职业和临床生活中。最后，法律由政府制定的具体义务组成，这些义务对于维护社会秩序、解决争端以及根据人们的需求或应得分配社会资源是必要的。
