Haber Suzanne N
Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
J Chem Neuroanat. 2003 Dec;26(4):317-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2003.10.003.
The basal ganglia and frontal cortex operate together to execute goal directed behaviors. This requires not only the execution of motor plans, but also the behaviors that lead to this execution, including emotions and motivation that drive behaviors, cognition that organizes and plans the general strategy, motor planning, and finally, the execution of that plan. The components of the frontal cortex that mediate these behaviors, are reflected in the organization, physiology, and connections between areas of frontal cortex and in their projections through basal ganglia circuits. This comprises a series of parallel pathways. However, this model does not address how information flows between circuits thereby developing new learned behaviors (or actions) from a combination of inputs from emotional, cognitive, and motor cortical areas. Recent anatomical evidence from primates demonstrates that the neuro-networks within basal ganglia pathways are in a position to move information across functional circuits. Two networks are: the striato-nigral-striatal network and the thalamo-cortical-thalamic network. Within each of these sets of connected structures, there are both reciprocal connections linking up regions associated with similar functions and non-reciprocal connections linking up regions that are associated with different cortical basal ganglia circuits. Each component of information (from limbic to motor outcome) sends both feedback connection, and also a feedforward connection, allowing the transfer of information. Information is channeled from limbic, to cognitive, to motor circuits. Action decision-making processes are thus influenced by motivation and cognitive inputs, allowing the animal to respond appropriate to environmental cues.
基底神经节和额叶皮质共同运作以执行目标导向行为。这不仅需要执行运动计划，还需要导致该执行的行为，包括驱动行为的情绪和动机、组织和规划总体策略的认知、运动规划，以及最终该计划的执行。介导这些行为的额叶皮质组件，反映在额叶皮质区域之间的组织、生理学和连接以及它们通过基底神经节回路的投射中。这包括一系列并行通路。然而，该模型并未解决信息如何在回路之间流动，从而从情感、认知和运动皮质区域的输入组合中发展出新的习得行为（或动作）。来自灵长类动物的最新解剖学证据表明，基底神经节通路内的神经网络能够在功能回路之间传递信息。两个网络是：纹状体 - 黑质 - 纹状体网络和丘脑 - 皮质 - 丘脑网络。在每组这些相连的结构中，既有连接与相似功能相关区域的相互连接，也有连接与不同皮质基底神经节回路相关区域的非相互连接。信息的每个组件（从边缘系统到运动结果）都发送反馈连接和前馈连接，从而允许信息传递。信息从边缘系统传递到认知系统，再到运动回路。因此，行动决策过程受到动机和认知输入的影响，使动物能够对环境线索做出适当反应。
