Clark Arcadi Adam, Robert Daniel, Mugurusi Francis
Department of Anthropology, Cornell University, 264 McGraw Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
Primates. 2004 Apr;45(2):135-9. doi: 10.1007/s10329-003-0070-8. Epub 2004 Jan 21.
Wild chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes) produce low-frequency sounds by hitting the buttresses and/or trunks of trees. This "buttress drumming" occurs in discrete bouts that may be integrated into the phrase sequence of the chimpanzee's long-distance vocalization, the "pant hoot." The aim of this study was to investigate whether regional variation exists in the drumming behavior of male chimpanzees from Kibale National Park (Kanyawara community), Uganda, and Taï National Park, Ivory Coast. Recordings were made during a 6-month field season at Taï in 1990, and a 12-month field season at Kanyawara in 1996-1997. Acoustic analysis revealed the following: (1) Kanyawara males drummed significantly less frequently in conjunction with a pant hoot or hoot than did Taï males; (2) drumming bouts by Kanyawara males included significantly fewer beats, and were significantly shorter in duration, than those of Taï males; these differences disappeared when only those bouts produced in conjunction with a call were compared; (3) when Kanyawara chimpanzees did call and drum together, they tended to integrate drumming into the vocalization at a later point than did Taï males; and (4) individual differences in the temporal patterning of drumming bouts were not apparent for Kanyawara males, whereas a previous analysis revealed individual differences among Taï males.
野生黑猩猩（黑猩猩属）通过击打树木的支柱和/或树干发出低频声音。这种“支柱击鼓”以离散的回合形式出现，可能会融入黑猩猩远距离发声“喘气呼喊”的短语序列中。本研究的目的是调查来自乌干达基巴莱国家公园（卡尼亚瓦拉群落）和科特迪瓦伊塔伊国家公园的雄性黑猩猩在击鼓行为上是否存在区域差异。记录于1990年在塔伊进行的为期6个月的野外考察季以及1996 - 1997年在卡尼亚瓦拉进行的为期12个月的野外考察季期间进行。声学分析揭示了以下几点：（1）与塔伊雄性黑猩猩相比，卡尼亚瓦拉雄性黑猩猩在喘气呼喊或呼喊时击鼓的频率显著更低；（2）卡尼亚瓦拉雄性黑猩猩的击鼓回合包含的节拍显著更少，持续时间也显著更短，而当仅比较那些与叫声同时发出的回合时，这些差异消失了；（3）当卡尼亚瓦拉黑猩猩确实同时呼叫和击鼓时，它们倾向于比塔伊雄性黑猩猩在更晚的时候将击鼓融入发声中；（4）卡尼亚瓦拉雄性黑猩猩在击鼓回合的时间模式上没有明显的个体差异，而之前的一项分析揭示了塔伊雄性黑猩猩之间存在个体差异。
