Results of a producer survey regarding crossbreeding on US dairy farms.

Comprehensive surveys were sent to 528 US dairy producers who are currently practicing crossbreeding in their herds. Fifty usable surveys were returned, and the resulting data included qualitative responses regarding facilities, milk recording plans, milk pricing, crossbreeding goals, breed selection, advantages, disadvantages, and future plans. Quantitative variables included producer scores on a 1 to 5 scale for questions regarding ability to fit into the free stalls and milking parlor, milk volume, component percentages, involuntary culling rate, conception rate, calving difficulty, calf mortality, and prices for breeding stock, cull cows, market steers, and bull calves. The most common first generation crosses involved Jersey and Brown Swiss bulls mated to Holstein cows, and backcrosses to one of these parental breeds were most common in the next generation. Producers who responded to this survey desired, and indicated that they achieved, improvements in fertility, calving ease, longevity, and component percentages through crossbreeding. Respondents indicated that crosses involving the Jersey and Brown Swiss breeds had a clear advantage in longevity relative to purebred Holsteins, and conception rates for crosses of Jersey or Brown Swiss sires on Holstein cows were similar to the (high) conception rates typically achieved in purebred Jersey matings. Respondents also indicated that milk composition was improved in the crossbred cattle, but producers cited some difficulties in marketing crossbred breeding stock and bull calves, and noted that the lack of uniformity within the milking herd created management challenges. Based on results of this survey, it appears that crossbreeding can improve the health, fertility, longevity, and profitability of commercial dairy cattle. However, further research is needed regarding specific heterosis estimates for functional traits in crosses involving each of the major dairy breeds, and improvements are needed in systems for recording the ancestry and breed composition of crossbred animals.