Pattern generator system as a versatile visual stimulator.

We have designed and implemented a Motorola 68000 microprocessor-based pattern generator system (PGS) that uses a color video display terminal (VDT) to provide light stimuli to the intact vertebrate retina. This communication is intended for those who are considering acquisition of a commercial retinal stimulator or those who are custom designing their own pattern generator system. The discussion surveys the features to be included as well as design factors which must be considered in such a device. The memory organization of the PGS allows as stimuli multiple, complex patterns consisting of one or more disks, annuli, bars or gratings to flash or modulate in intensity according to a pre-defined function. In addition, patterns can move smoothly in any direction at selectable, uniform speeds without the re-drawing of video memory. The presence of a 12-bit A/D converter internal to the PGS allows a dynamic change in stimulus position, speed or pattern based upon physiological feedback. A physically realistic image size (0.9 cm2) and resolution (20 mu/pixel) in the retinal plane are achieved with simple intervening optics. The video field rate of 60 Hz is above the flicker fusion frequency for most vertebrate animals and does not induce artifacts in cellular responses. The PGS operating in a PC-based environment meets the requirements of a versatile optical stimulator for investigations in retinal electrophysiology.