Effect of triphenyl bismuth on glass transition temperature and residual monomer content of acrylic bone cements.

Self-curing acrylic bone cements are widely used in the fixation of prosthetic implants in orthopaedic surgery. Commercial bone cements are rendered radiopaque by the addition of heavy metal salts of barium and zirconia. The addition of barium sulphate adversely affects the mechanical strength and fracture toughness of bone cement and despite the fact that it has low solubility in water; its slow release and subsequent toxicity have caused concern. In an earlier study triphenyl bismuth (TPB) was found to be a viable alternative as a radiopaque agent in acrylic bone cements, which provided enhanced homogeneity. In this study we report the effect of the inclusion of TPB on the thermal properties of PMMA-based bone cements using both conventional DSC and Modulated Temperature DSC. Furthermore, analysis of the residual monomer contents is reported analysed by NMR spectroscopy in order to ascertain the influence of TPB on the polymerisation reaction. The glass transition temperature (Tg) determined by DSC showed that the values decreased with the addition of increasing amounts of TPB through both blending and dissolution methods; however, the method of incorporating TPB did not influence Tg. The magnitude of reduction was dependent of the amount of TPB and was greatest in the case of highest concentration of TPB used. A TPB melting peak was observed in the 25 wt% TPBBC, suggesting a limit to the solubility of TPB. The residual monomer analysis showed that at 10 and 15% by weight of TPB in the cement caused no significant changes in the residual monomer content but 25 wt% of TPB exhibited a significantly higher residual monomer content.