Cardiovascular effects and toxicities of cocaine.

Cocaine exerts a myriad of adverse cardiovascular effects which are dependent on the dose, rate of administration, and duration of use. The drug has two primary pharmacologic actions: it is a powerful sympathomimetic agent and a local anesthetic. The drug blocks the presynaptic reuptake of catecholamines resulting in the marked hormonal increase at the postsynaptic receptor sites. These effects, in turn, lower the threshold for coronary vasoconstriction and vasospasm, myocardial ischemia and infarction. In addition, the drug's multiple pharmacologic and electrophysiologic cardiovascular actions can promote arrhythmias, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, as well as unmasking subclinical diseases. Long-term cocaine use can cause autonomic disturbances and alter catecholamine homeostasis: chronic cocaine addicts face serious cardiovascular sequelae from the drug's multiple adverse effects. It is important to assess the prevalence of cocaine-related cardiovascular diseases, to understand how the drug affects the autonomic nervous system, and to determine its long-term effects on the cardiovascular system.