Hassanin Ashraf, Breivik Knut, Meijer Sandra N, Steinnes Eiliv, Thomas Gareth O, Jones Kevin C
Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
Environ Sci Technol. 2004 Feb 1;38(3):738-45. doi: 10.1021/es035008y.
Surface soils (0-5 cm) from remote/rural woodland (coniferous and deciduous) and grassland locations on a latitudinal transectthrough the United Kingdom and Norway were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Concentrations ranged between 65 and 12 000 sigma(ALL)PBDE ng kg(-1) dry weight. PBDE-47, -99, -100, -153, and -154-the major constituents of the penta-BDE technical product-dominated the average congener pattern of the soils. Indeed, the average congener composition and distribution measured in these European background soils closely matched that reported in the technical penta-BDE product. This is interpreted as evidence that transfer of the congeners present in penta-BDE-treated products from source-air-soil occurs with broadly similar efficiency, perhaps because there has been little weathering/degradation/alteration of the congener source pattern by processes operating during atmospheric transport or within the soil itself. BDE-183, a marker for the octa-BDE mix, was detected at concentrations ranging from <9 to 7000 (median approximately 50 ng kg(-1)). In most soils, it made a minor contribution to the sigma(ALL)PBDE concentration, but it was a major component in some samples from northern England. Forest soils tended to have higher concentrations than grasslands. Underlying the average soil composition, some differences in the congener pattern were observed. Notably, there was evidence of latitudinal fractionation, with the relative contribution of PBDE-47 and lighter congeners to the sigmaPBDE increasing northwards (with increasing distance from source areas), while the proportion of PBDE-99 and heavier congeners decreased. Plots of concentration against percentage soil organic matter had different slopes for different congeners. Higher slopes were generally seen for the lighter PBDEs (e.g., PBDE-47), indicating that they have undergone some air-surface exchange (hopping), while the slopes of heavier congeners (e.g., PBDE-153) were close to zero, indicating that they are retained more effectively by soils after deposition.
对英国和挪威沿纬度断面的偏远/农村林地（针叶林和阔叶林）及草原地区的表层土壤（0 - 5厘米）进行了多溴二苯醚（PBDEs）分析。浓度范围在65至12000西格玛（所有）多溴二苯醚纳克/千克干重之间。五溴二苯醚技术产品的主要成分PBDE - 47、- 99、- 100、- 153和- 154主导了土壤中同类物的平均模式。实际上，在这些欧洲背景土壤中测得的同类物平均组成和分布与五溴二苯醚技术产品中报告的情况密切匹配。这被解释为五溴二苯醚处理产品中存在的同类物从源 - 空气 - 土壤的转移效率大致相似的证据，可能是因为在大气传输过程或土壤自身内部运行的过程对同类物源模式几乎没有风化/降解/改变。八溴二苯醚混合物的标志物BDE - 183的检测浓度范围为<9至7000（中位数约为50纳克/千克）。在大多数土壤中，它对西格玛（所有）多溴二苯醚浓度的贡献较小，但在英格兰北部的一些样品中它是主要成分。森林土壤的浓度往往高于草原。在平均土壤组成之下，观察到同类物模式存在一些差异。值得注意的是，有纬度分馏的证据，PBDE - 47和较轻同类物对西格玛多溴二苯醚的相对贡献向北增加（随着与源区距离的增加），而PBDE - 99和较重同类物的比例下降。不同同类物的浓度与土壤有机质百分比的关系图具有不同的斜率。较轻的多溴二苯醚（如PBDE - 47）通常具有更高的斜率，表明它们经历了一些气 - 表面交换（跳跃），而较重同类物（如PBDE - 153）的斜率接近零，表明它们在沉积后被土壤更有效地保留。
