Sforza Chiarella, Macrì Chiara, Turci Michela, Grassi GianPiero, Ferrario Virgilio F
Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Locomotore, Dipartimento di Anatomia Umana, Facoltà di Scienze Motorie & Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Milano, Italy.
Ital J Anat Embryol. 2003 Oct-Dec;108(4):211-22.
Body movements require the activity of muscles fired by their motor neurons, controlled and coordinated according to central motor patterns modulated by the sensory feedback. The direct analysis of movements and forces produced by muscular activity can provide useful information into anatomical details of difficult observation. For instance, the analysis of movement trajectories can be used to obtain some insight into the underlying neuromuscular processes. Piano playing is a learned ability which links natural hand and finger movements in a complex and well-codified pattern. In the present study, the repeatability of finger movements was assessed in pianists of different experience. Five pianists (two females, 9, 23 years; three males, 24, 39, 70 years; all professionals) played nine two-octave C-major scales at 80, 112 and 160 bpm. The three-dimensional coordinates of their right hand fingers were digitized by a motion analyzer. For each pianist, data from each of the three repetition performed at the same velocity were aligned on the time of onset of the first C keypress (thumb), and a coefficient of superimposition was computed. Significant (analysis of variance, p < 0.001) differences were found between pianists and velocities, with a significant pianist x velocity interaction. The oldest man (a well-known concert player) was the less repeatable (mean superimposition 65.8%, SD 17), the 39-y-old man (a piano teacher) was the most repeatable (mean superimposition 81.4%, SD 8.1). In both of them, the thumb was the most repeatable finger; in the girl, the fifth and fourth fingers scored the best repeatability. The fastest scales were the less repeatable in the 70 and 24-y-old men, and the most repeatable in the 39-y-old man and 23-y-old woman. Even a simple and basic piano exercise can be performed with different movement patterns, without a direct relationship to the pianist experience. Apparently, repeatability was lower in concert pianists than in teachers and learners.
身体运动需要由运动神经元激发的肌肉活动，这些活动根据由感觉反馈调制的中枢运动模式进行控制和协调。对肌肉活动产生的运动和力量进行直接分析，可以为难以观察的解剖细节提供有用信息。例如，对运动轨迹的分析可用于深入了解潜在的神经肌肉过程。钢琴演奏是一种习得的能力，它以复杂且编码良好的模式将自然的手部和手指运动联系起来。在本研究中，评估了不同经验的钢琴家手指运动的重复性。五名钢琴家（两名女性，分别为9岁、23岁；三名男性，分别为24岁、39岁、70岁；均为专业人士）以每分钟80、112和160拍的速度弹奏九个两个八度的C大调音阶。他们右手手指的三维坐标由运动分析仪数字化。对于每位钢琴家，在相同速度下进行的三次重复中的每次数据都在首次按下C键（拇指）的时间点对齐，并计算叠加系数。在钢琴家之间和速度之间发现了显著差异（方差分析，p < 0.001），存在显著的钢琴家×速度交互作用。年龄最大的男性（一位著名的音乐会演奏者）重复性最差（平均叠加率65.8%，标准差17），39岁的男性（一名钢琴教师）重复性最好（平均叠加率81.4%，标准差8.1）。在他们两人中，拇指是重复性最好的手指；在女孩中，第五和第四手指的重复性得分最高。最快的音阶在70岁和24岁的男性中重复性最差，在39岁的男性和23岁的女性中重复性最好。即使是简单的基本钢琴练习也可以用不同的运动模式进行，与钢琴家的经验没有直接关系。显然，音乐会钢琴家的重复性低于教师和学习者。
