Stewart-Williams Steve, Podd John
School of Psychology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Psychol Bull. 2004 Mar;130(2):324-40. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.130.2.324.
The authors review the literature on the 2 main models of the placebo effect: expectancy theory and classical conditioning. A path is suggested to dissolving the theoretical impasse that has long plagued this issue. The key is to make a clear distinction between 2 questions: What factors shape placebo effects? and What learning mediates the placebo effect? The reviewed literature suggests that classical conditioning procedures are one shaping factor but that verbal information can also shape placebo effects. The literature also suggests that conditioning procedures and other sources of information sometimes shape conscious expectancies and that these expectancies mediate some placebo effects; however, in other cases conditioning procedures appear to shape placebo effects that are not mediated by conscious cognition.
期望理论和经典条件作用。文中提出了一条路径来化解长期困扰这一问题的理论僵局。关键在于明确区分两个问题：哪些因素塑造了安慰剂效应？以及何种学习过程介导了安慰剂效应？所回顾的文献表明，经典条件作用程序是一个塑造因素，但言语信息也能塑造安慰剂效应。文献还表明，条件作用程序和其他信息来源有时会塑造有意识的期望，并且这些期望介导了一些安慰剂效应；然而，在其他情况下，条件作用程序似乎塑造了并非由有意识认知介导的安慰剂效应。
