BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Vascular anomalies are a diverse set of lesions with distinct clinical behaviors, whose biomolecular characteristics are largely undefined. Common hemangiomas proliferate during the first year of life, then involute at a variable pace over several years. Other vascular tumors may involute much more quickly (rapidly involuting congenital hemangiomas [RICH]), not at all (lymphatic malformation), or display malignant behavior (angiosarcoma). Key cytokines driving angiogenesis include vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family members/receptors (placental growth factor [PIGF], VEGF-A, and VEGF-C) and angiopoietins. The authors hypothesized that involuting hemangiomas would display biologic markers distinctly different from noninvoluting vascular lesions.

METHODS

Six patient samples were analyzed: (1) RICH, (2) proliferating hemangioma, (3) involuting hemangioma, (4) tufted angioma, (5) hepatic angiosarcoma, and (6) lymphatic malformation. Detailed examination of endothelial/vascular mural cell status was performed by fluorescent double-label immunostaining using specific markers (PECAM-1, alphaSMA) in combination with markers of proliferation (anti-phospho-histone H3) or apoptosis (TUNEL). Expression of PIGF, VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and Ang-1 was localized by in situ hybridization.

RESULTS

Involuting/proliferating common hemangiomas demonstrated vasculature with abundant vascular mural cells (alphaSMA+); in contrast, alphaSMA(+) cells were rare in RICH vessels. Endothelial apoptosis was increased dramatically, but proliferation was unchanged during involution. VEGF-A was expressed in all lesions except lymphatic malformation, which displayed VEGF-C and Ang-1 upregulation. Strikingly, PIGF expression was increased markedly in the lesions predicted to involute/actively involuting but was virtually absent from noninvoluting tumors.

CONCLUSIONS

Vessel architecture and endothelial/vascular mural cell status differed between lesions, differentiating even common versus rapidly involuting hemangioma and corresponded to clinical involution. VEGF-A expression characterized endothelial-derived lesions, whereas VEGF-C marked lymphatic-derived cells. PIGF expression occurred only in vascular anomalies predicted to involute or actively involuting, a pattern potentially linked to PIGF function as a conditional antagonist of VEGF-A. Thus, distinct patterns of morphology and angiogenic factor expression characterize vascular anomalies with different clinical behaviors.