Centner Terence J
College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Applied Economics, The University of Georgia, 301 Conner Hall Athens, GA 30602, USA.
Environ Int. 2004 Jun;30(4):539-45. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2003.10.010.
Water pollution from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) led to revised federal regulations in the United States. The regulations provide for the greater management of potential sources of agricultural contamination and impose additional financial costs on producers. Along with a duty to secure a permit, significant changes address coverage of pollutants, separation of production and land application areas, effluent limitation guidelines, and differentiating agricultural storm water discharges from other discharges. The revised provisions require more producers to secure National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permits and mandate that large CAFOs develop technology-based effluent discharge limitations involving best management practices. Medium- and small-sized CAFOs need to adopt technology-based effluent discharge requirements employing best professional judgment. For farms raising animals that are not CAFOs, voluntary management practices may be employed to intercept pollutants before they enter waterbodies. Additional educational efforts promoting the implementation of further management practices that address the agricultural impairment of water resources may be needed.
集中式动物饲养场（CAFOs）造成的水污染促使美国修订了联邦法规。这些法规规定要对农业污染的潜在源头进行更严格的管理，并给生产者增加了财务成本。除了获得许可的义务外，重大变化还涉及污染物覆盖范围、生产区与土地施用区的分离、污水排放限制准则，以及区分农业暴雨径流排放与其他排放。修订后的条款要求更多生产者获得国家污染物排放消除系统许可，并强制大型集中式动物饲养场制定基于技术的污水排放限制，包括最佳管理实践。中小型集中式动物饲养场需要采用基于技术的污水排放要求，并运用最佳专业判断。对于非集中式动物饲养场的养殖农场，可以采用自愿管理措施在污染物进入水体之前进行拦截。可能还需要开展更多教育工作，以促进实施进一步的管理措施，解决农业对水资源的损害问题。
