Luttmann A, Laurig W, Jäger M
Institut für Arbeitsphysiologie, Universität Dortmund, Abteilung Ergonomie, Germany.
Ergonomics. 1992 Sep;35(9):1045-61. doi: 10.1080/00140139208967381.
In a work physiology field study, the work flow and the electrocardiogram were recorded throughout whole shifts for six male refuse (garbage) collection workers who transported and emptied 1.1 m3 refuse containers. The work rate (WR), indicated by the number of 1.1 m3 containers emptied per unit of time, and the work pulse rate (WPR) were determined in the data evaluation. The work pulse rate increases with the work rate. The functional relationship can be approximated by a linear regression function (WPR = 20.9 + 35.8.WR). The work pulse rate reaches such high values that it must be assumed that the work cannot be performed continuously throughout the whole working day. Consequently, regular breaks should be provided. When determining the necessary duration of the breaks, it was assumed that an equilibrium between fatigue and recovery should be maintained during the working day. The recovery breaks should be at least long enough for the heart rate to return to the resting level. The necessary duration of the breaks was determined on the basis of the present field study and the laboratory investigations described in the literature. A minimum duration of 10 min per working hour results from the calculations. The breaks should be taken regularly at about hourly intervals. A transportation-capacity model is provided for the planning of the deployment of refuse workers. It permits calculation of the number of 1.1 m3 containers a three-man crew, comprising the refuse collection truck driver and two loaders, can empty during one shift. Both the logistical and ergonomic transportation capacities can be determined using the model. The logistical transportation capacity (TCL) indicates the number of containers which can be emptied per shift by a crew when only criteria such as the optimal utilization of the working time are considered. The ergonomic transportation capacity (TCE) is understood as the number of containers which can be emptied per shift taking into consideration the workers' strain and the recovery breaks they require. TCE amounts to between about 140 and 160 containers per shift depending on the type of city district. TCL is higher by between 20 and 30 containers per shift. In order to meet the demand of protecting workers' health, the number of containers to be emptied per shift by a three-man crew should not exceed the ergonomic transportation capacity.
在一项劳动生理学实地研究中，对六名男性垃圾收集工人整个班次的工作流程和心电图进行了记录，这些工人负责运输和清空1.1立方米的垃圾容器。在数据分析中确定了工作率（WR），以每单位时间清空的1.1立方米容器数量表示，以及工作脉冲率（WPR）。工作脉冲率随工作率增加。这种函数关系可以用线性回归函数近似表示（WPR = 20.9 + 35.8·WR）。工作脉冲率达到如此高的值，以至于必须假定无法在整个工作日持续进行这项工作。因此，应该安排定期休息。在确定必要的休息时长时，假定在工作日期间应保持疲劳与恢复之间的平衡。恢复性休息应该至少足够长，以使心率恢复到静息水平。必要的休息时长是根据当前实地研究和文献中描述的实验室研究确定的。计算得出每工作小时至少需要10分钟的休息时间。休息应该大约每隔一小时定期进行。提供了一个运输能力模型，用于规划垃圾工人的部署。它可以计算出一个由垃圾收集车司机和两名装卸工组成的三人小组在一个班次内可以清空的1.1立方米容器数量。使用该模型可以确定后勤运输能力和人机工程学运输能力。后勤运输能力（TCL）表示当仅考虑工作时间等最优利用标准时，一组人员每班可以清空的容器数量。人机工程学运输能力（TCE）被理解为考虑到工人的疲劳程度和所需的恢复性休息后，每班可以清空的容器数量。根据城市区域类型的不同，TCE每班约为140至160个容器。TCL每班高出20至30个容器。为了满足保护工人健康的要求，一个三人小组每班要清空的容器数量不应超过人机工程学运输能力。
