Zereini Fathi, Alt Friedrich, Messerschmidt Jürge, von Bohlen Alex, Liebl Karlheinz, Püttmann Wilhelm
Institute of Mineralogy/Environmental Analytic, J. W. Goethe-University, Georg-Voigt-Strasse 16, D-60054 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Environ Sci Technol. 2004 Mar 15;38(6):1686-92. doi: 10.1021/es030127z.
The concentrations and distribution of platinum group elements (Pt, Pd, Rh) in airborne particulate matter were studied in a period of one year from August 2001 to July 2002 in urban and in nonurban areas. Airborne dust samples were collected as a total amount (particles with an aerodynamic diameter <22 microm) and classified using an eight-stage Andersen impactor (<10 microm) at three locations with different traffic density roads in the Frankfurt am Main and nonurban areas. Sampling at the three locations was performed simultaneously for total airborne dust and fractionated airborne dust. Pd was determined by total reflection X-ray fluorescence after Hg coprecipitation. Pt and Rh were analyzed by adsorptive striping voltammetry after HPA digestion. The results show that the PGE concentrations in airborne samples depend on the traffic density. The highest PGE concentrations in air were found in the vicinity of major roads with heavy traffic, and the lowest ones were found in the nonurban area. The presence of PGE at the sampling station relatively free of traffic in a nonurban area hints to a transport of some of the emitted PGE from the city to this station by wind. At all three sampling locations, a heterogeneous distribution of the Pd, Pt, and Rh concentrations during the sampling year can be observed. The sum of PGE concentrations in total airborne dust is comparable with the sum of impactor samples. However, the concentration of Pt and Rh in total airborne dust (<22 microm) is on average higher than in impactor samples (<10 microm). On the contrary, Pd concentration is higher in impactor samples in most cases. The airborne PGE distribution is dominated by Pt, followed by Pd and Rh. The impactor samples are dominated by Pd, followed by Pt and Rh. This fact indicates that palladium occurs mainly in relatively fine airborne particles. The main fraction of PGE is found on average in particle sizes between 1.1 and 4.7 microm. Knowledge of the size distribution of particles containing PGE is important with respect to risk assessment of human inhalation.
2001年8月至2002年7月期间，对城市和非城市地区空气中颗粒物中的铂族元素（Pt、Pd、Rh）浓度及分布进行了为期一年的研究。采集了空气尘埃样本总量（空气动力学直径<22微米的颗粒），并在美因河畔法兰克福不同交通密度道路的三个地点以及非城市地区，使用八级安德森撞击器（<10微米）进行分类。在这三个地点同时采集总空气尘埃和分级空气尘埃样本。Hg共沉淀后，通过全反射X射线荧光法测定Pd。HPA消解后，采用吸附溶出伏安法分析Pt和Rh。结果表明，空气样本中的铂族元素浓度取决于交通密度。在交通繁忙的主要道路附近，空气中铂族元素浓度最高，而在非城市地区浓度最低。在非城市地区一个相对无交通影响的采样站检测到铂族元素，这表明部分排放的铂族元素会被风从城市输送到该站点。在所有三个采样地点，采样年份内Pd、Pt和Rh浓度呈现出不均匀分布。总空气尘埃中铂族元素浓度总和与撞击器样本总和相当。然而，总空气尘埃（<22微米）中Pt和Rh的浓度平均高于撞击器样本（<10微米）。相反，在大多数情况下，撞击器样本中Pd浓度更高。空气中铂族元素分布以Pt为主，其次是Pd和Rh。撞击器样本以Pd为主，其次是Pt和Rh。这一事实表明，钯主要存在于相对细小的空气颗粒物中。铂族元素的主要部分平均存在于粒径为1.1至4.7微米的颗粒中。了解含铂族元素颗粒的粒径分布对于人体吸入风险评估具有重要意义。
