Stefan Vincent H
Department of Anthropology, Lehman College, CUNY, Bronx, New York 10468, USA.
Am J Phys Anthropol. 2004 May;124(1):45-58. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.10331.
Osteological studies both old and new have utilized various Polynesian cranial samples, individually or in combination, to assess the racial composition of prehistoric Polynesians as a group, with regards to other Pacific populations, or to represent the Polynesian peoples as a whole in various multivariate analyses of worldwide populations. However, few of these studies have assessed the degree of intrasample variation produced when data derived from skeletal samples from different Polynesian islands (populations) are pooled to represent "Polynesians" as a whole. A similar argument can be made when data derived from various museum skeletal samples of the same Polynesian population are pooled to produce a larger sample representing that particular Polynesian population (Murrill [1968] Cranial and postcranial skeletal remains from Easter Island; Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; Stefan [2002] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. [Suppl.] 34:147). This study examined Easter Island crania curated at various museums in North America, South America, and Europe to assess whether significant differences exist among the museum collections of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) skeletal material. A NORM statistical program (Schafer and Olsen [1997] NORM, version 1.01; University Park: Pennsylvania State University) for multiple imputation of incomplete multivariate datasets was utilized to estimate missing data. A variance comparison method, which utilizes variance/covariance matrices derived from "hypothesis" and "baseline/reference" samples (Key and Jantz [1990] Hum. Evol. 5:457-469; Key and Jantz [1990] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 82:53-59) was used to compare the Rapa Nui museum samples. This method is designed to test whether variability in a "hypothesis" museum sample exceeds "normal within-group variability" represented by the "baseline/reference" sample. The method was applied to six Rapa Nui museum samples (AANMW, MNHN-KB, MNHN-NAE, NHM, MH, and AMNH). The results indicate that the museum "hypothesis," male and female samples, exhibited little intrasample variability from the "baseline/reference" sample (MAPSE), though the samples were collected at different times and by different individuals. These results show the ability of multiple imputation and variance comparison methodologies to predict missing variables while maintaining the inherent variance/covariance structure and to discriminate sample variation in artificially assembled samples.
新旧骨学研究都利用了各种波利尼西亚颅骨样本，单独或组合使用，以评估史前波利尼西亚人群体的种族构成，与其他太平洋人群体进行比较，或在对全球人群的各种多变量分析中代表整个波利尼西亚民族。然而，这些研究中很少有评估当来自不同波利尼西亚岛屿（人群）的骨骼样本数据汇总以代表整个“波利尼西亚人”时所产生的样本内变异程度。当来自同一波利尼西亚人群体的各种博物馆骨骼样本数据汇总以产生一个代表该特定波利尼西亚人群体的更大样本时（默里尔[1968年]《复活节岛的颅骨和颅后骨骼遗骸》；明尼阿波利斯：明尼苏达大学出版社；斯特凡[2002年]《美国体质人类学杂志》[增刊]34:147），也可以提出类似的观点。本研究检查了收藏在北美、南美和欧洲各博物馆的复活节岛颅骨，以评估拉帕努伊（复活节岛）骨骼材料的博物馆收藏之间是否存在显著差异。使用一个用于对不完整多变量数据集进行多重插补的NORM统计程序（谢弗和奥尔森[1997年]《NORM，版本1.01》；大学公园：宾夕法尼亚州立大学）来估计缺失数据。一种方差比较方法，利用从“假设”和“基线/参考”样本得出的方差/协方差矩阵（凯和詹茨[1990年]《人类进化》5:457 - 469；凯和詹茨[1990年]《美国体质人类学杂志》82:53 - 59）来比较拉帕努伊博物馆样本。该方法旨在测试“假设”博物馆样本中的变异性是否超过由“基线/参考”样本代表的“正常组内变异性”。该方法应用于六个拉帕努伊博物馆样本（AANMW、MNHN - KB、MNHN - NAE、NHM、MH和AMNH）。结果表明，博物馆的“假设”样本，即男性和女性样本，与“基线/参考”样本（MAPSE）相比，样本内变异很小，尽管这些样本是在不同时间由不同个体收集的。这些结果表明了多重插补和方差比较方法在预测缺失变量的同时保持固有方差/协方差结构以及区分人工组装样本中的样本变异的能力。
