Sanderson Hans, Boudreau Timothy M, Mabury Scott A, Solomon Keith R
Centre for Toxicology, University of Guelph, Bovey Building, Gordon Street, Guelph, Toronto, Ont., Canada N1G 2W1.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2004 May;58(1):68-76. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2003.09.012.
This comparative survey summarizes six individual studies on the ecological effects of two common perfluorinated surfactants, PFOS and PFOA, on zooplankton. We compare the test designs and quantify the relative sensitivity and statistical power (1-beta > or = 0.8). The survey compares 30-L indoor microcosm to 12,000-L outdoor microcosm experiments, with 225-mL single species laboratory tests as reference. By this we elucidate the extrapolation of ecological effects in space and complexity. Generally, zooplankton had lower tolerance toward PFOS than toward PFOA. With increasing concentrations the zooplankton community became simplified toward more robust rotifer species, which, as an indirect effect, increased their abundance due to a shift in competition and predation. The statistical power of the designs exhibits inverse proportionality between complexity and realism, indoor microcosm>outdoor microcosm. Surprisingly, the 30-L study had a lower LOEC value for Daphnia magna than the laboratory chronic test, indicating that D. magna and D. pulicaria were not the most sensitive species and that laboratory tests are not always conservative relative to microcosm experiments. Food scarcity due to phytotoxicity was not the reason for the difference.
这项比较性调查总结了六项关于两种常见全氟表面活性剂全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）和全氟辛酸（PFOA）对浮游动物生态影响的独立研究。我们比较了测试设计，并量化了相对敏感性和统计功效（1-β≥0.8）。该调查将30升室内微观世界实验与12000升室外微观世界实验进行了比较，并以225毫升单物种实验室测试作为参考。借此我们阐明了生态效应在空间和复杂性方面的外推情况。总体而言，浮游动物对PFOS的耐受性低于对PFOA的耐受性。随着浓度增加，浮游动物群落朝着更具生存能力的轮虫物种简化，这作为一种间接效应，由于竞争和捕食的转变而使其丰度增加。设计的统计功效在复杂性和真实性之间呈现反比关系，即室内微观世界＞室外微观世界。令人惊讶的是，30升研究中大型溞的最低可观察效应浓度（LOEC）值低于实验室慢性测试，这表明大型溞和蚤状溞并非最敏感物种，而且实验室测试相对于微观世界实验并不总是保守的。由于植物毒性导致的食物短缺并非造成这种差异的原因。
