Young Nathan
Harvard University, Department of Anthropology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol. 2004 May 15;302(3):226-40. doi: 10.1002/jez.b.21003.
In this paper, several hypotheses of morphological integration within the hominoid (ape) scapula are tested. In particular, whether the scapula represents a set of developmental tissues sharing tight correlations between constituent parts (i.e., highly integrated) or is more modularly organized (i.e., covariation is greater within regions than between) is tested. Whether the patterns of integration in the scapula have changed over phylogenetic time or in response to selective forces is also examined. Results from two different analyses (matrix correlations and edge deviance) indicate traits comprising the blade and acromion, and to a weaker degree the glenoid, correlate highly with each other. The coracoid exhibits more independence from other parts of the scapula, perhaps reflecting its distinct evolutionary developmental history. Overall, similarity in species-specific patterns of correlation was high between all taxa. Correlation matrix similarity was significantly correlated with functional similarity and morphological distance, but not with phylogenetic distance. These results are congruent with other studies of integration that suggest correlation patterns remain stable over evolutionary time. There are changes associated with phylogeny, but the tight link between functional similarity and phylogenetic distance at this level of comparison presents possible challenges to interpretation. Overall similarities in the pattern of integration in all taxa might be better interpreted as relative strengthening or weakening of trait correlations rather than broadscale changes in the pattern of relationship between developmental regions. Larger sample sizes with greater taxonomic/functional breadth, and finer scale analyses of patterns of correlation are needed to test these hypotheses further.
在本文中，对类人猿（猿）肩胛骨形态整合的几种假设进行了检验。具体而言，检验了肩胛骨是代表一组在组成部分之间具有紧密相关性的发育组织（即高度整合），还是更具模块化组织（即区域内的协变大于区域间）。还研究了肩胛骨的整合模式在系统发育时间上或对选择力的响应中是否发生了变化。两种不同分析（矩阵相关性和边缘偏差）的结果表明，构成肩胛骨主体和肩峰的特征，以及程度稍弱的关节盂特征，彼此高度相关。喙突与肩胛骨的其他部分表现出更大的独立性，这可能反映了其独特的进化发育历史。总体而言，所有分类单元之间物种特异性相关模式的相似性较高。相关矩阵相似性与功能相似性和形态距离显著相关，但与系统发育距离无关。这些结果与其他关于整合的研究一致，表明相关模式在进化时间内保持稳定。存在与系统发育相关的变化，但在这个比较水平上功能相似性和系统发育距离之间的紧密联系给解释带来了可能的挑战。所有分类单元整合模式的总体相似性可能更好地解释为性状相关性的相对增强或减弱，而不是发育区域之间关系模式的大规模变化。需要更大的样本量、更广泛的分类学/功能广度以及对相关模式进行更精细的尺度分析，以进一步检验这些假设。
