Zollikofer Christoph Peter Eduard, Ponce de León Marcia Silvia
Anthropological Institute, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol. 2004 May 15;302(3):322-40. doi: 10.1002/jez.b.21006.
In this paper, we examine the relationship between the classical concepts of heterotopy, heterochrony and ontogenetic allometry as descriptive and as explanatory categories in the investigation of evolutionary developmental novelty in the hominid skull. We use concepts of kinematic analysis of locomotion to propose a methodological framework for the kinematic analysis of cranial form change during ontogeny. We argue that a combination of geometric-morphometric methods with graphics visualization tools currently represents the most adequate means to analyze the kinematics of ontogeny. Using cranial growth models, we simulate how evolutionary modifications of developmental processes impinge on morphological patterns of ontogeny, and explore how differences in ontogenetic patterns can tentatively be traced back to underlying process differences. Our analyses indicate that minor alterations in growth parameters elicit complex patterns of ontogenetic modification that are difficult to describe with the standard repertoire of heterochronic terminology. The proposed kinematic and model-based approach is used in a comparative analysis of cranial ontogeny in Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans, indicating that early ontogenetic modification of a small set of growth parameters is a major source of evolutionary novelty during hominid evolution.
在本文中，我们考察了异位性、异时性和个体发育异速生长等经典概念之间的关系，这些概念在人类颅骨进化发育新奇性的研究中作为描述性和解释性范畴。我们运用运动学分析的概念，为个体发育过程中颅骨形态变化的运动学分析提出一个方法框架。我们认为，几何形态测量方法与图形可视化工具的结合目前是分析个体发育运动学的最适当手段。利用颅骨生长模型，我们模拟发育过程的进化改变如何影响个体发育的形态模式，并探讨个体发育模式的差异如何初步追溯到潜在的过程差异。我们的分析表明，生长参数的微小改变会引发复杂的个体发育修饰模式，而这些模式很难用异时性术语的标准词汇来描述。所提出的基于运动学和模型的方法用于对尼安德特人和解剖学意义上的现代人类颅骨个体发育的比较分析，表明少数生长参数的早期个体发育修饰是人类进化过程中进化新奇性的主要来源。
