Levine Allen S, Billington Charles J
Minnesota Obesity Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
Physiol Behav. 2004 Aug;82(1):57-61. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.04.032.
Gerard Smith was one of the pioneers in the field of neuropeptidergic control of food intake. He established methodology and criteria used to determine whether a neuropeptide acts as an endogenous satiety factor. More recently, he theorized that there are direct and indirect controls of meal size. Direct controls include those that depend upon contact of food with preabsorptive receptors from the tip of the tongue to the end of the small intestine, and indirect controls include those that do not depend upon direct contact of mucosal receptors, such as learning and metabolism. In this review, we consider the evidence that opioids are mediators of reward-related feeding. We address these issues adopting Smith's approach to problem solving, including an evaluation of the opioids as controllers of the meal. We also present a novel concept of "hedonic restriction," resulting in a change in opioid gene expression. Overall, we believe the evidence supporting opioid participation in reward-driven and other types of ingestion is very strong, but much work remains before we understand how opioids contribute to the widely distributed neural network that controls ingestive behavior.
杰勒德·史密斯是神经肽对食物摄入控制领域的先驱之一。他建立了用于确定一种神经肽是否作为内源性饱腹感因子的方法和标准。最近，他提出了关于进餐量的直接和间接控制的理论。直接控制包括那些依赖于食物与从舌尖到小肠末端的吸收前受体接触的控制，而间接控制包括那些不依赖于黏膜受体直接接触的控制，如学习和新陈代谢。在这篇综述中，我们考虑阿片类物质是与奖赏相关进食的介质的证据。我们采用史密斯解决问题的方法来探讨这些问题，包括评估阿片类物质作为进餐控制器的作用。我们还提出了“享乐性限制”的新概念，这导致阿片类基因表达的改变。总体而言，我们认为支持阿片类物质参与奖赏驱动和其他类型摄入的证据非常有力，但在我们了解阿片类物质如何对控制摄食行为的广泛分布神经网络做出贡献之前，仍有许多工作要做。
