Thermodynamic evaluation of a covalently bonded transition state analogue inhibitor: inhibition of beta-lactamases by phosphonates.

Serine beta-lactamases are inhibited by phosphonate monoesters in a reaction that involves phosphonylation of the active site serine residue. This reaction is much more rapid than the hydrolysis of these inhibitors in solution under the same conditions. The beta-lactamase active site therefore must have the ability to stabilize not only the anionic tetrahedral transition states of the acyl transfer reactions of substrates but also the pentacoordinated transition state(s) of phosphyl transfer reactions. A series of p-nitrophenyl arylphosphonates have been synthesized and the rate constants for their inhibition of the class C beta-lactamase of Enterobacter cloacae P99 determined. There is no direct correlation between these rate constants and the dissociation constants of analogous aryl boronic acids, where the latter are believed to generate good tetrahedral transition state analogue structures. Thus, the mode of stabilization of pentacoordinated phosphorus transition states by the beta-lactamase active site is qualitatively different from that of tetrahedral transition states. Molecular modeling suggests that the difference arises from different positioning of the side chain and of one of the oxygen ligands. In principle, the quality of the stable tetrahedral phosphonate complex as a transition state analogue structure can be assessed from the effect of its formation on the stability of the protein. Phosphonylation of the P99 beta-lactamase, however, had little effect on the stability of the protein, as measured both by thermal and guanidine hydrochloride denaturation. Consideration of the results of similar experiments with the Staphylococcus aureus PC1 beta-lactamase, where considerable stabilization is observed in thermal melting and, to a lesser degree, in formation of the molten globule in guanidine hydrochloride, but not in the complete unfolding transition in guanidine, suggests that results from the method may be strongly influenced by the interactions of the ligand with its environment in the unfolded state of the protein. Thus, quantitative estimates of the quality of a covalently bonded transition state analogue cannot generally be achieved by this method.