Zhmylev P Iu
Zh Obshch Biol. 2004 May-Jun;65(3):232-49.
Evolution of plant life has been considered in the context of phylembryogenesis or heterochronia. Hewever, suggested opinions and suppositions regarding the mechanisms, direction and rate of evolutionary changes are opposite. Concepts of phylembryogenesis and heterochronia originally were developed for the different levels of organization and could be distinguished by different modes of morphological evolution. In this connection, interpretations of evolutional changes of shoots morphogenesis, ontogenesis and plant habitus by different types of heterochronia and modes of phylembryogenesis were delineated. It was proposed that evolution of plants life forms could be considered regarding functional specialization of root-shoot (the basic element of life form structure) that appears as metamorphoses of bud, root and shoot. Evolutional changes of root-shoot could take places at the different stages of development due to anabolies (modifications). At the same time epigenetic and episelectional (organic selection) mechanisms of evolution play an important role in the evolution of plant life forms. Moreover, results of modern genetic and molecular phylogenetic investigations produce evidences for the saltations and reversions in the plant life forms evolution.
植物生命的进化一直是在系统胚胎发生或异时性的背景下进行考量的。然而，关于进化变化的机制、方向和速率的观点和假设却截然相反。系统胚胎发生和异时性的概念最初是针对不同的组织层次而发展起来的，并且可以通过不同的形态进化模式来区分。就此而言，阐述了通过不同类型的异时性和系统胚胎发生模式对芽形态发生、个体发育和植物习性的进化变化的解释。有人提出，可以从根 - 茎（生命形式结构的基本要素）的功能特化角度来考量植物生命形式的进化，这种特化表现为芽、根和茎的变态。由于同化作用（修饰），根 - 茎的进化变化可能在发育的不同阶段发生。同时，表观遗传和表观选择（有机选择）的进化机制在植物生命形式的进化中起着重要作用。此外，现代遗传学和分子系统发育研究的结果为植物生命形式进化中的突变和逆转提供了证据。
