Westrell T, Schönning C, Stenström T A, Ashbolt N J
Department of Parasitology, Mycology and Environmental Microbiology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden.
Water Sci Technol. 2004;50(2):23-30.
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) was applied for identifying and controlling exposure to pathogenic microorganisms encountered during normal sludge and wastewater handling at a 12,500 m3/d treatment plant utilising tertiary wastewater treatment and mesophilic sludge digestion. The hazardous scenarios considered were human exposure during treatment, handling, soil application and crop consumption, and exposure via water at the wetland-area and recreational swimming. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), including rotavirus, adenovirus, haemorrhagic E. coli, Salmonella, Giardia and Cryptosporidium, was performed in order to prioritise pathogen hazards for control purposes. Human exposures were treated as individual risks but also related to the endemic situation in the general population. The highest individual health risk from a single exposure was via aerosols for workers at the belt press for sludge dewatering (virus infection risk = 1). The largest impact on the community would arise if children ingested sludge at the unprotected storage site, although in the worst-case situation the largest number of infections would arise through vegetables fertilised with sludge and eaten raw (not allowed in Sweden). Acceptable risk for various hazardous scenarios, treatment and/or reuse strategies could be tested in the model.
危害分析与关键控制点（HACCP）被应用于识别和控制一家日处理量为12500立方米、采用三级废水处理和中温污泥消化工艺的污水处理厂在正常污泥和废水处理过程中遇到的致病微生物暴露风险。所考虑的危险场景包括处理、处理过程中、土壤施用和作物消费过程中的人体暴露，以及湿地地区和休闲游泳时通过水的暴露。进行了定量微生物风险评估（QMRA），包括轮状病毒、腺病毒、出血性大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、贾第虫和隐孢子虫，以便为控制目的对病原体危害进行优先级排序。人体暴露被视为个体风险，但也与一般人群中的地方病情况相关。单次暴露带来的最高个体健康风险是污泥脱水带式压滤机操作人员通过气溶胶接触（病毒感染风险=1）。如果儿童在未加保护的储存地点摄入污泥，对社区的影响最大，不过在最坏的情况下，通过用污泥施肥并生食的蔬菜（瑞典不允许）会引发最多的感染。可以在该模型中测试各种危险场景、处理和/或再利用策略的可接受风险。
