耳蜗放大器：内耳中行波的增强。
The cochlear amplifier: augmentation of the traveling wave within the inner ear.
作者信息
Oghalai John S
机构信息
Bobby R. Alford Department of Otorhinolaryngology & Communicative Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, NA 102, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
出版信息
Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004 Oct;12(5):431-8. doi: 10.1097/01.moo.0000134449.05454.82.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
There have been many recent advancements in our understanding of cochlear function within the past ten years. In particular, several mechanisms that underlie the sensitivity and sharpness of mammalian tuning have been discovered. This review focuses on these issues.
RECENT FINDINGS
The cochlear amplifier is essentially a positive feedback loop within the cochlea that amplifies the traveling wave. Thus, vibrations within the organ of Corti are sensed and then force is generated in synchrony to increase the vibrations. Mechanisms that generate force within the cochlea include outer hair cell electromotility and stereociliary active bundle movements. These processes can be modulated by the intracellular ionic composition, the lipid constituents of the outer hair cell plasma membrane, and the structure of the outer hair cell cytoskeleton.
SUMMARY
A thorough understanding of the cochlear amplifier has tremendous implications to improve human hearing. Sensorineural hearing loss is a common clinical problem and a common site of initial pathology is the outer hair cell. Loss of outer hair cells causes loss of the cochlear amplifier, resulting in progressive sensorineural hearing loss.
综述目的
在过去十年里，我们对耳蜗功能的理解有了许多新进展。特别是，已经发现了哺乳动物调谐敏感性和敏锐度背后的几种机制。本综述聚焦于这些问题。
最新发现
耳蜗放大器本质上是耳蜗内的一个正反馈回路，它放大行波。因此，柯蒂氏器内的振动被感知，然后同步产生力以增加振动。在耳蜗内产生力的机制包括外毛细胞的电运动和静纤毛主动束运动。这些过程可受细胞内离子组成、外毛细胞质膜的脂质成分以及外毛细胞细胞骨架结构的调节。
总结
深入了解耳蜗放大器对改善人类听力具有重大意义。感音神经性听力损失是一个常见的临床问题，初始病理变化的一个常见部位是外毛细胞。外毛细胞的丧失会导致耳蜗放大器功能丧失，进而导致进行性感音神经性听力损失。
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