Majno G
Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester.
Mod Pathol. 1992 Jan;5(1):9-22.
The concept of capillary is traced through its historical development, beginning with the pathologic "synanastomoses" between arteries and veins as proposed by the ancient Greeks. Harvey assumed that arteriovenous connections existed but never saw them. Malpighi and van Leeuwenhoek were the first to observe the capillary circulation in vivo. In the 1800s, pathologists contributed two advances: a method for proving that capillaries have a structured wall (von Recklinghausen) and the notion of "capillary leakage" in inflammation (Cohnheim). Then physiologists took over for half a century (Starling, Krogh, Pappenheimer) until electron microscopy created a new viewpoint (Palade). Several topics of capillary pathophysiology are discussed: vascular labeling and the capillary as a privileged vessel; capillary versus venular leakage in inflammation; endothelial tone. The overview concludes with a summary of 15 pathologic events that may occur in capillaries.
毛细血管的概念可追溯其历史发展，始于古希腊人提出的动脉与静脉之间的病理性“吻合”。哈维假定动静脉连接存在，但从未见过。马尔皮基和列文虎克是最先在活体中观察到毛细血管循环的人。在19世纪，病理学家取得了两项进展：一种证明毛细血管具有结构化壁的方法（冯·雷克林豪森）以及炎症中“毛细血管渗漏”的概念（科恩海姆）。然后生理学家接手了半个世纪（斯塔林、克罗格、帕彭海默），直到电子显微镜创造了新的视角（帕拉德）。文中讨论了毛细血管病理生理学的几个主题：血管标记与作为特殊血管的毛细血管；炎症中毛细血管与小静脉渗漏的比较；内皮张力。综述最后总结了毛细血管可能发生的15种病理情况。
