Klein G
Institut für Lebensmittelqualität und -sicherheit, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover.
Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2004 Aug;111(8):312-4.
Food associated viruses are responsible for a high number of infectious diseases in man, mainly gastroenteritis and hepatitis. The three most important viral agents are noroviruses (NV) (formerly known as Norwalk-like viruses), Rotavirus (RV) and Hepatitis A-Virus (HAV). The numbers of infections in man were in 2002 according to the Robert Koch-Institut for NV and RV 50,000, respectively, and for HAV 1,500, slightly decreasing in 2003. The rate of foodborne infections caused by viruses can only be estimated (appr. 20% of total cases). On the other hand only a very small part of viral gastroenteritis can be diagnosed and notified. Besides the direct infection through contaminated food the human to human infection is the most important source, also responsible for outbreaks. There is at the moment no routine diagnostic tool available for the detection of viruses in food because of the lack of standardized methods. For NV, one of the most important foodborne (live bivalve molluscs) viral pathogens, indicator organisms are in use. There is a scientific evaluation in different member states concerning the value of bacterial indicators vs. bacteriophages. In addition to foodborne viruses (via faecal contamination present in the food chain) there are emerging zoonotic viral agents. Food may be a vector for this agents depending on the production structures (e.g. SARS or influenca).
与食物相关的病毒可导致人类大量传染病，主要是肠胃炎和肝炎。三种最重要的病毒病原体是诺如病毒（NV）（以前称为诺沃克样病毒）、轮状病毒（RV）和甲型肝炎病毒（HAV）。据罗伯特·科赫研究所统计，2002年人类感染NV和RV的病例分别为50000例，感染HAV的病例为1500例，2003年略有下降。由病毒引起的食源性感染率只能估算（约占总病例的20%）。另一方面，只有很小一部分病毒性肠胃炎能够得到诊断和通报。除了通过受污染食物直接感染外，人传人感染是最重要的来源，也是疫情爆发的原因。由于缺乏标准化方法，目前没有可用于检测食物中病毒的常规诊断工具。对于NV这种最重要的食源性（活双壳贝类）病毒病原体，目前使用指示生物。不同成员国正在对细菌指示物与噬菌体的价值进行科学评估。除了食源性病毒（通过食物链中存在的粪便污染）外，还出现了人畜共患病毒病原体。根据生产结构（如非典或流感），食物可能是这些病原体的传播媒介。
