Xia L Z, Yang L Z, Yan M C
Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
Environ Geochem Health. 2004 Jun-Sep;26(2-3):245-51. doi: 10.1023/b:egah.0000039587.64830.43.
Six ponds of age 3 were selected 45 km north from Suzhou in the Tailake region, and research conducted on nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in P. vannanmei (Penaeus vannanme) ponds and M. nipponense (Macrobrachium nipponense) hatchery ponds under normal management. Two treatments each had three replications. The results confirmed that feed was the major path of nitrogen and phosphorus input, each accounted for 61.24% (193.81 kg ha(-1)) and 81.08% (45.20 kg ha(-1)) of the total nitrogen and phosphorus input for P. vannanme ponds; the values for M. nipponense ponds were 43.93% (86.31 kg ha(-1)) and 57.67% (14.61 kg ha(-1)), respectively. Water pumped into ponds contributed on average 83.57 kg ha(-1) nitrogen and 8.48 kg ha(-1) phosphorus for P. vannanmei ponds, and 87.48 kg ha(-1) nitrogen and 7.00 kg ha(-1) phosphorus for M. nipponense hatchery ponds. Shrimp harvest recovered 102.81 kg ha(-1) nitrogen (32.94% of the total nitrogen input) and 7.94 kg ha(-1) phosphorus (14.23% of the total phosphorus input) for P. vannanme ponds; and 43.94 kg ha(-1) nitrogen and 4.46 kg ha(-1) phosphorus for M. nipponense hatchery ponds. The sum of nitrogen losses through volatilization, denitrification and sedimentation was 173.62 and 122.39 kg ha(-1), 54.86% and 62.29% of the total nitrogen input for P. vannanme ponds and M. nipponense hatchery ponds, respectively. Sediment accumulated 41.46 and 14.63 kg ha(-1) phosphorus, 74.37% and 64.85% of the total phosphorus input for P. vannanm ponds and M. nipponense hatchery ponds. Draining and seeping caused 40.06 kg ha(-1) nitrogen (12.66% of total nitrogen input) and 6.36 kg ha(-1) phosphorus (11.40% of total phosphorus input) loss to the surrounding water from P. vannanme ponds in 114 days; 30.14 kg ha(-1) nitrogen (15.34% of the total input) and 4.45 kg ha(-1) phosphorus (17.57% of the total input) to channel water from M. nipponense hatchery ponds in 87 days, respectively. Countermeasures for sustainable pond management include improving feeds and feeding, sediment treatments, machine aerating, chemicals with no pollution, and integrated fish-shrimp cultivation. Management of water resources for pond and methods to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus loading into surrounding water from drainage are elucidated.
在太湖地区苏州以北45公里处选取了6个3龄池塘，对凡纳滨对虾（Penaeus vannanme）池塘和日本沼虾（Macrobrachium nipponense）育苗池塘在正常管理下的氮磷循环进行了研究。每个处理设置3个重复。结果表明，饲料是氮磷输入的主要途径，凡纳滨对虾池塘中氮、磷输入分别占总量的61.24%（193.81 kg·ha⁻¹）和81.08%（45.20 kg·ha⁻¹）；日本沼虾池塘中氮、磷输入分别占总量的43.93%（86.31 kg·ha⁻¹）和57.67%（14.61 kg·ha⁻¹）。凡纳滨对虾池塘抽水带入的氮平均为83.57 kg·ha⁻¹，磷为8.48 kg·ha⁻¹；日本沼虾育苗池塘抽水带入的氮为87.48 kg·ha⁻¹，磷为7.00 kg·ha⁻¹。凡纳滨对虾池塘收获的虾回收了102.81 kg·ha⁻¹氮（占总氮输入的32.94%）和7.94 kg·ha⁻¹磷（占总磷输入的14.23%）；日本沼虾育苗池塘收获的虾回收了43.94 kg·ha⁻¹氮和4.46 kg·ha⁻¹磷。凡纳滨对虾池塘通过挥发、反硝化和沉积损失的氮总量为173.62 kg·ha⁻¹，占总氮输入的54.86%；日本沼虾育苗池塘损失的氮总量为122.39 kg·ha⁻¹，占总氮输入的62.29%。凡纳滨对虾池塘和日本沼虾育苗池塘沉积物中积累的磷分别为41.46 kg·ha⁻¹和14.63 kg·ha⁻¹，分别占总磷输入的74.37%和64.85%。凡纳滨对虾池塘在114天内排水和渗漏导致向周边水体损失40.06 kg·ha⁻¹氮（占总氮输入的12.66%）和6.36 kg·ha⁻¹磷（占总磷输入的11.40%）；日本沼虾育苗池塘在87天内排水导致向渠道水体损失30.14 kg·ha⁻¹氮（占总输入的15.34%）和4.45 kg·ha⁻¹磷（占总输入的17.57%）。池塘可持续管理的对策包括改进饲料和投喂、处理沉积物、机械增氧、使用无污染化学品以及鱼虾混养。阐明了池塘水资源管理以及减少排水中氮磷负荷进入周边水体的方法。
