Reynolds Brady
The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
Behav Processes. 2004 Nov 30;67(3):545-9. doi: 10.1016/j.beproc.2004.08.006.
The present report attempts to help clarify the causal or consequent relation between frequently reported high rates of delay discounting (DD) associated with cigarette-smoking status in adults. Delay-discount functions of adolescent smokers and young-adult smokers and nonsmokers from two earlier studies [Reynolds, B., Karraker, K., Horn, K., Richards, J.B., 2003. Delay and probability discounting as related to different stages of adolescent smoking and non-smoking. Behav. Process. 64, 333-344; Reynolds, B., Richards, J.B., Horn, K., Karraker, K., 2004. Delay discounting and probability discounting as related to cigarette smoking status in adults. Behav. Process. 65, 35-42] were cross-sectionally compared. If a high rate of DD is a predisposing factor to future smoking status, adolescent and young-adult smokers were expected to have similar rates of DD, but both groups were expected to have higher rates of discounting than young-adult nonsmokers. Alternatively, if a high rate of cigarette consumption over an extended period is related to increases in DD, young-adult smokers were expected to discount more than adolescent smokers and young-adult nonsmokers. Results supported the hypothesis that a high rate of cigarette consumption is related to higher rates of DD, rather than the alternative hypothesis that smokers are predisposed with higher rates of DD. Also, after combining adolescent and young-adult smokers, self-reported number of cigarettes consumed per day was positively correlated with rate of DD; however, reported length of smoking history was not correlated with DD. Possible neurological mechanisms leading to increased discounting are discussed.
本报告旨在帮助阐明成年人中经常报告的与吸烟状况相关的高延迟折扣率（DD）之间的因果或后续关系。对来自两项早期研究[雷诺兹，B.，卡拉克，K.，霍恩，K.，理查兹，J.B.，2003年。延迟和概率折扣与青少年吸烟和不吸烟的不同阶段的关系。行为过程。64，333 - 344；雷诺兹，B.，理查兹，J.B.，霍恩，K.，卡拉克，K.，2004年。延迟折扣和概率折扣与成年人吸烟状况的关系。行为过程。65，35 - 42]中的青少年吸烟者、青年吸烟者和非吸烟者的延迟折扣函数进行了横断面比较。如果高DD率是未来吸烟状况的一个诱发因素，那么青少年和青年吸烟者预计会有相似的DD率，但预计这两组的折扣率都高于青年非吸烟者。或者，如果长期的高香烟消费量与DD的增加有关，那么青年吸烟者预计比青少年吸烟者和青年非吸烟者折扣更多。结果支持了高香烟消费量与更高的DD率相关的假设，而不是吸烟者具有更高DD率倾向的替代假设。此外，在将青少年和青年吸烟者合并后，自我报告的每日吸烟量与DD率呈正相关；然而，报告的吸烟史长度与DD无关。讨论了导致折扣增加的可能神经机制。
