Nolen-Hoeksema Susan
University of Michigan, USA.
Clin Psychol Rev. 2004 Dec;24(8):981-1010. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2004.08.003.
Women drink less alcohol and have fewer alcohol-related problems than men. Women appear to be less likely than men to manifest certain risk factors for alcohol use and problems and are more likely to have certain protective factors against these problems: women perceive greater social sanctions for drinking; women are less likely to have characteristics associated with excessive drinking including aggressiveness, drinking to reduce distress, behavioral undercontrol, sensation-seeking and antisociality; and women are more likely to have desirable feminine traits (e.g., nurturance) protective against excessive drinking. In addition, consequences of heavy alcohol use, or alcohol use disorders, appear to be more negative for women than men, at least in some domains: women suffer alcohol-related physical illnesses at lower levels of exposure to alcohol than men, and some studies suggest women suffer more cognitive and motor impairment due to alcohol than men; women may be more likely than men to suffer physical harm and sexual assault when they are using alcohol; heavy alcohol use in women is associated with a range of reproductive problems. Implications of these findings for future research and public health education campaigns are discussed.
女性饮酒量比男性少，与酒精相关的问题也比男性少。女性似乎比男性更不容易表现出某些酒精使用和问题的风险因素，并且更有可能拥有某些针对这些问题的保护因素：女性认为饮酒会受到更大的社会制裁；女性不太可能具有与过度饮酒相关的特征，包括攻击性、为减轻痛苦而饮酒、行为失控、寻求刺激和反社会行为；并且女性更有可能拥有有助于防止过度饮酒的理想女性特质（例如，养育能力）。此外，大量饮酒或酒精使用障碍的后果对女性似乎比对男性更负面，至少在某些方面是这样：女性在接触酒精水平较低时就会患上与酒精相关的身体疾病，并且一些研究表明女性因酒精而遭受的认知和运动损伤比男性更多；女性在饮酒时可能比男性更容易遭受身体伤害和性侵犯；女性大量饮酒与一系列生殖问题有关。本文讨论了这些发现对未来研究和公共卫生教育活动的启示。
