Complete surgical resection remains the current standard of care for operable patients with stage-I or stage-II non-small-cell lung cancer. However, there is a strong rationale that supports the concept of the addition of systemic therapy to surgery either preoperatively or postoperatively even in patients with early-stage disease, as distant relapse continues to be the dominant form of relapse after surgical resection of NSCLC. Earlier trials of adjuvant therapy have yielded mixed results and the survival gains demonstrated have been modest at best. However, recently presented data of randomised phase-III trials showed an absolute survival benefit of 12-15% for patients with completely resected stage-IB and stage-II NSCLC receiving adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy compared with observation alone. These trials provide resounding approval for adjuvant chemotherapy being the new standard of care for patients with early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer who have undergone complete resection of the tumour.