Prevost Alexis, Melby Paul, Egolf David A, Urbach Jeffrey S
Department of Physics, Georgetown University, 37th & O Streets, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 2004 Nov;70(5 Pt 1):050301. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.70.050301. Epub 2004 Nov 24.
We report the observation of the homogenous nucleation of crystals in a dense layer of steel spheres confined between two horizontal plates vibrated vertically. Above a critical vibration amplitude, two-layer crystals with square symmetry were found to coexist in steady state with a surrounding granular liquid. By analogy to equilibrium hard-sphere systems, the phase behavior may be explained through entropy maximization. However, dramatic nonequilibrium effects are present, including a significant difference in the granular temperatures of the two phases.
我们报告了在垂直振动的两个水平板之间限制的一层密集钢球中晶体均匀成核的观察结果。在临界振动幅度以上，发现具有方形对称性的两层晶体与周围的颗粒状液体在稳态下共存。通过类比平衡硬球系统，相行为可以通过熵最大化来解释。然而，存在显著的非平衡效应，包括两相颗粒温度的显著差异。
