Robertson Robin
Nonlinear Dynamics Psychol Life Sci. 2005 Jan;9(1):1-21.
How is it that form arises out of chaos? In attempting to deal with this primary question, time and again a "Missing Third" is posited that lies between extremes. The problem of the "Missing Third" can be traced through nearly the entire history of thought. The form it takes, the problems that arise from it, the solutions suggested for resolving it, are each representative of an age. This paper traces the issue from Plato and Parmenides in the 4th--5th centuries, B.C.; to Neoplatonism in the 3rd--5th centuries; to Locke and Descartes in the 17th century; on to Berkeley and Kant in the 18th century; Fechner and Wundt in the 19th century; to behaviorism and Gestalt psychology, Jung, early in the 20th century, ethology and cybernetics later in the 20th century, then culminates late in the 20th century, with chaos theory.
形式是如何从混沌中产生的？在试图处理这个首要问题时，人们一次又一次地假定存在一个介于极端之间的“缺失的第三者”。“缺失的第三者”问题几乎贯穿了整个思想史上。它所呈现的形式、由此产生的问题以及为解决这些问题所提出的解决方案，各自都代表了一个时代。本文追溯了这个问题，从公元前4至5世纪的柏拉图和巴门尼德，到公元3至5世纪的新柏拉图主义，再到17世纪的洛克和笛卡尔，接着是18世纪的贝克莱和康德，19世纪的费希纳和冯特，到20世纪早期的行为主义和格式塔心理学、荣格，20世纪后期的动物行为学和控制论，最后在20世纪后期以混沌理论达到顶峰。
