Lindholm Jörgen
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Holstebro Hospital, 7500 Holstebro, Denmark.
Pituitary. 2004;7(1):33-8. doi: 10.1023/b:pitu.0000044633.52516.e1.
The contributions to our present knowledge and understanding of diabetes insipidus are briefly surveyed. Though a disease presenting with polyuria and thirst had been recognized since Antiquity, it was not until the 17. Century the distinction was made between diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus. At the beginning of the 20. Century almost nothing was known about the function of the pituitary. It was generally believed that diabetes insipidus was a renal disease. Two clinical observations in 1912 suggested an association between the hypophysis and diabetes insipidus. This view was supported by the recognition in 1913 that extract of the posterior lobe of the pituitary was effective in diabetes insipidus. Despite much evidence to the contrary, it was assumed that the antidiuretic hormone was produced in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary. Around 1950 it was finally established that 'the posterior lobe hormones' are in fact secreted in the hypothalamus. At the same time the antidiuretic hormone was isolated and synthesized. More recently, progress within genetics has made it possible to characterize in details other rare types of diabetes insipidus.
本文简要回顾了目前对尿崩症的认识和理解所做的贡献。尽管自古以来就已认识到一种以多尿和口渴为特征的疾病，但直到17世纪才区分出尿崩症和糖尿病。20世纪初，人们对垂体的功能几乎一无所知。当时普遍认为尿崩症是一种肾脏疾病。1912年的两项临床观察表明垂体与尿崩症之间存在关联。1913年认识到垂体后叶提取物对尿崩症有效，这一观点得到了支持。尽管有许多相反的证据，但人们仍认为抗利尿激素是在垂体中间叶产生的。大约在1950年，最终确定“垂体后叶激素”实际上是在下丘脑分泌的。与此同时，抗利尿激素被分离和合成。最近，遗传学领域的进展使得详细描述其他罕见类型的尿崩症成为可能。
