Otaki Joji M, Ogasawara Tsuyoshi, Yamamoto Haruhiko
Department of Biological Sciences, Kanagawa University, 2946 Tsuchiya, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1293, Japan.
Zoolog Sci. 2005 Jan;22(1):21-34. doi: 10.2108/zsj.22.21.
Butterfly wing color-patterns are determined in the prospective wing tissues during the late larval and early pupal stages. To study the cellular differentiation process of wings, morphological knowledge on pupal wings is prerequisite. Here we systematically examined morphological patterns of the pupal wing cuticular surface in a wide variety of nymphalid butterflies in relation to adult color-patterns. Several kinds of pupal wing patterns corresponding to particular adult color-pattern elements were widely observed in many species. Especially noteworthy were the pupal "focal" spots corresponding to the adult border ocelli system, which were detected in many species of Nymphalinae, Apaturinae, Argynninae, Satyrinae, and Danainae. Striped patterns on the pupal wing cuticle seen in some species of Limenitinae, Ariadnae, and Marpesiinae directly corresponded to those of the adult wings. In Vanessa cardui, eyespot-like pattern elements were tentatively produced during development in the wing tissue underneath the pupal spots and subsequently erased, suggesting a mechanism for producing novel color-patterns in the course of development and evolution. The pupal focal spots reasonably correlated with the adult eyespots in size in Precis orithya and Ypthima argus. We physically damaged the pupal focal spots and their corresponding cells underneath in these species, which abolished or inhibited the formation of the adult eyespots. Taken together, our results clarified that pupal cuticle patterns were often indicative of the adult color-patterns and apparently reflect molecular activity of organizing centers for the adult color-pattern formation at least in nymphalid butterflies.
蝴蝶翅膀的色彩图案是在幼虫后期和蛹早期的未来翅膀组织中确定的。为了研究翅膀的细胞分化过程，对蛹翅的形态学知识是必不可少的。在这里，我们系统地研究了各种蛱蝶科蝴蝶蛹翅表皮表面的形态模式及其与成虫色彩图案的关系。在许多物种中广泛观察到了几种与特定成虫色彩图案元素相对应的蛹翅图案。特别值得注意的是与成虫边缘单眼系统相对应的蛹“焦点”斑点，在蛱蝶亚科、钩翅蛱蝶亚科、银斑蛱蝶亚科、眼蝶亚科和斑蝶亚科的许多物种中都检测到了这种斑点。在翠蛱蝶亚科、阿里阿德涅蛱蝶属和玛佩蛱蝶属的一些物种中，蛹翅表皮上的条纹图案与成虫翅膀的条纹图案直接对应。在小苎麻赤蛱蝶中，类似眼斑的图案元素在蛹斑下方的翅膀组织发育过程中初步形成，随后消失，这表明在发育和进化过程中产生新色彩图案的一种机制。在金斑蝶和阿芬眼蝶中，蛹焦点斑点的大小与成虫眼斑合理相关。我们对这些物种的蛹焦点斑点及其下方相应的细胞进行了物理损伤，这消除或抑制了成虫眼斑的形成。综上所述，我们的结果表明，蛹表皮图案通常指示成虫的色彩图案，并且显然反映了至少在蛱蝶科蝴蝶中负责成虫色彩图案形成的组织中心的分子活性。
