壳聚糖（生物奇科尔020 PC）在控制某些观赏植物叶部病害中的应用

Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture, Pomologiczna 18, PL-96 100 Skierniewice, Poland.

Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci. 2004;69(4):705-15.

Chitosan, (Biochikol 020 PC) a potential elicitor of plant defence and also an active inhibitor of fungal growth was used in experiments. The compound was used at concentrations 0.01 to 0.2% as a plant spray for rose protection against Sphaerotheca pannosa var. rosae, Peronospora sparsa and Diplocarpon rosae, Oidium chrysanthemi and Puccinia horiana on chrysanthemum, against Melampsora epitea on willow. Myrothecium roridum on dieffenbachia and against Lophodermium spp on Scots pine. Effectiveness of this product, applied curatively 2-times at 7-day-intervals after appearance of rose powdery mildew symptoms on most of plant parts, was about 32%. When compound was applied just after the first disease symptoms appearance, after 2-week-protection its effectiveness was about 43-60%. After 4 weeks, effectiveness of chitosan (Biochikol 020 PC) increased and ranged from 67 to 77%. In the control of P. sparsa on rose shrubs, growing in plastic tunnel, chitosan at conc. 0.025% was applied 4 times at weekly intervals. Effectiveness of chitosan against this pathogen was over 72%, similar as standard fungicide. Increase of chitosan (Biochikol 020 PC) concentration resulted in decrease of its effectiveness. In case of D. rosae control, chitosan used 9 times at weekly intervals was applied after first disease symptoms. After 3-week-protection effectiveness of the compound varied from 18 to 60% according to used concentration. After 9 weeks of protection effectiveness of tested product ranged from 16 to 23% and was connected with used concentration. Increase of chitosan concentration resulted in better protection of rose shrubs. Effectiveness of chitosan (Biochikol 020 PC) used 4-times at conc. 0.01 to 0.05% as chrysanthemum spray in the control of Oidium chrysanthemi ranged from 69 to 79%, whereas against Puccinia horiana from 54-97%. Two-time-spraying of willow with rust symptoms (Melampsora epitea) with chitosan at conc. 01-0.04% caused decrease of disease severity from 26 to 47%. Additionally about 10 to 25% of uredinia were dried up. Chitosan (Biochikol 020 PC) applied for leaf spraying inhibited the development of Myrothecium leaf spot on dieffenbachia more than 85%. Curative application of the compound controlled Myrotecium leaf spot at about 40%. Chitosan efficacy was also tested against one-year-old Pinus sylvestris seedlings growing in field conditions. Plants were sprayed fortnightly 14-times (long programme) or 5-times (short programme) against Lophodermium spp. Observations made during next spring showed that effectiveness of chitosan (Biochikol 020 PC) was more than 50% (long programme) and below 50% (short programme).

壳聚糖（Biochikol 020 PC）是一种潜在的植物防御诱导剂，也是真菌生长的活性抑制剂，被用于实验中。该化合物以0.01%至0.2%的浓度作为植物喷雾剂，用于保护玫瑰免受蔷薇单囊壳白粉菌变种、稀疏霜霉、玫瑰炭疽菌、菊粉孢和菊花柄锈菌的侵害，保护柳树免受杨栅锈菌的侵害，保护黛粉叶免受绿粘帚霉的侵害，保护苏格兰松免受散斑壳属真菌的侵害。在大多数植物部位出现玫瑰白粉病症状后，每隔7天进行2次治疗性施用该产品，其有效性约为32%。当在首次出现病害症状后立即施用该化合物时，经过2周的保护，其有效性约为43%至60%。4周后，壳聚糖（Biochikol 020 PC）的有效性增加，范围为67%至77%。在塑料大棚中生长的玫瑰灌木上防治稀疏霜霉时，以0.025%的浓度每隔一周施用4次壳聚糖。壳聚糖对这种病原菌的有效性超过72%，与标准杀菌剂相似。壳聚糖（Biochikol 020 PC）浓度的增加导致其有效性降低。在防治玫瑰炭疽病时，在首次出现病害症状后每隔一周施用9次壳聚糖。经过3周的保护，根据使用浓度的不同，该化合物的有效性在18%至60%之间变化。经过9周的保护，测试产品的有效性在16%至23%之间，且与使用浓度有关。壳聚糖浓度的增加导致对玫瑰灌木的保护效果更好。以0.01%至0.05%的浓度作为菊花喷雾剂施用4次壳聚糖，在防治菊粉孢时的有效性范围为69%至79%，而在防治菊花柄锈菌时的有效性范围为54%至97%。对有锈病症状（杨栅锈菌）的柳树以0.01%至0.04%的浓度进行两次喷雾处理，使病害严重程度从26%降低到47%。此外，约10%至25%的夏孢子堆干枯。用于叶片喷雾的壳聚糖（Biochikol 020 PC）抑制黛粉叶上绿粘帚霉叶斑病的发展超过85%。该化合物的治疗性施用对绿粘帚霉叶斑病的防治率约为40%。还针对田间条件下生长的一年生欧洲赤松幼苗测试了壳聚糖的功效。每隔两周对植物进行14次（长方案）或5次（短方案）喷雾处理以防治散斑壳属真菌。次年春季的观察结果表明，壳聚糖（Biochikol 020 PC）的有效性超过50%（长方案）且低于50%（短方案）。